References
- Abdallah, B. (2017, April 7). Al-Azhar and Sisi’s Regime: Structural Roots of Disagreement. Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/al-azhar-and-sisi-s-regime-structural-roots-of-disagreement/.
- Abozaid, A. M. (2020). Counterterrorism strategy and human rights In Egypt after the Arab uprising: A critical appraisal. Aggression and Violent Behaviour, 51(March-April).
- Adamson, F. (2006). Crossing borders: International migration and national security. International Security, 31(1), 165–199.
- Ahram Online. (2020, October 5). Al-Azhar grand imam slams recent ‘irresponsible statements’ about Islam. Ahram Online, https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/386650/Egypt/Politics-/AlAzhar-grand-imam-slams-recent-irresponsible-stat.aspx.
- Al-Jazeera. (2020, November 2). UAE minister backs Emmanuel Macron’s remarks on Muslims, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/2/uae-minister-backs-emmanuel-macrons-remarks-on-muslims.
- Allchorn, W. (2020). Cumulative extremism and the Online space: Reciprocal radicalisation effects between the extreme right and Radical Islamists In the UK. In M. Littler, & B. Lee (Eds.), Digital extremisms (pp. 37–62). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Altiok, A., & Street, J. (2020). A fourth pillar for the United Nations? The rise of counter-terrorism, Safer World, June, https://www.saferworld.org.uk/resources/publications/1256-a-fourth-pillar-for-the-united-nations-the-rise-of-counter-terrorism.
- Arab News. (2019, May 9). Macron says military equipment sales to ally Saudi Arabia part of ‘war on terror’. Arab News, https://www.arabnews.com/node/1494861/business-economy.
- Arab News. (2020, October 12). Muslim World League chief denounces extremists in response to Macron’s ‘Islamist separatism’ speech. Arab News, https://www.arabnews.com/node/1747481/saudi-arabia.
- Ardovini, L., & Mabon, S. (2020). Egypt’s unbreakable curse: Tracing the state of exception from Mubarak to Al sisi. Mediterranean Politics, 25(4), 456–475.
- Ayubi, N. (2008). Over-stating the Arab state: Politics and society In the Middle East. London: I. B. Tauris.
- Baker-Beall, C. (2019). EU Counter-Terrorism policy: The threat of the ‘returning foreign fighter’ and the securitization of migration, travel and border control. Security Dialogue, 50(5), 437–453.
- Balzaq, T., Leonard, S., & Ruzicka, J. (2016). ‘Securitization’ revisited: Theory and cases. International Relations, 30(4), 494–531.
- Bano, M. (2018). At the tipping point? Al-Azhar’s growing crisis of moral authority. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 50(4), 715–734.
- Bartolucci, V. (2010). Analysing elite discourse on terrorism and its implications: The case of Morocco. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 3(1), 119–135.
- BBC. (2021, April 27). Anger as ex-generals warn of ‘deadly civil war’ in France, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56899765.
- Bednarz, D., & Brinkbaeumer, K. (2015, February 9). Extremists Offend the Image of God. Spiegel International, https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/islamic-state-egyptian-president-sisi-calls-for-help-in-is-fight-a-1017434.html.
- Behr, H., & Berger, L. (2009). The challenge of Talking about terrorism: The EU and the Arab debate on the causes of Islamist terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 21(4), 539–557.
- Berger, L. (2014). Foreign policies or culture: What shapes Muslim public opinion on political violence against the United States? Journal of Peace Research, 51(6), 782–796.
- Berger, L. (2015). Local, national and global Islam: Religious guidance and European Muslim public opinion on political radicalism and social conservatism. West European Politics, 39(2), 205–228.
- Berger, L. (2019). Sharīʻa. Islamism and Arab Support for Democracy. Democratization, 26(2), 309–326.
- Bicchi, F., & Martin, M. (2006). Talking tough or Talking together? European Security discourses towards the Mediterranean. Mediterranean Politics, 11(2), 189–207.
- Boehmelt, T., Bove, V., & Nussio, E. (2020). Can terrorism abroad influence migration attitudes at home? American Journal of Political Science, 64(3), 437–451.
- Bove, V., Boehmelt, T., & Nussio, E. (2021). Terrorism abroad and migration policies at home. Journal of European Public Policy, 28(2), 190–207.
- Brzoska, M. (2009). The securitization of climate change and the Power of conceptions of security. Sicherheit + Frieden (Security and Peace), 27(3), 137–145.
- Buzan, B. (2006). Will the ‘global war on terrorism’ be the new cold War? International Affairs, 82(6), 1101–1118.
- Cross, M. K. D. (2017). Counter-terrorism In the EU’s external relations. Journal of European Integration, 39(5), 609–624.
- Daragahi, B. (2020, December 10). Liberté, égalité and weaponry: France awards Egypt’s Sisi its highest award despite human rights abuses. The Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/france-egypt-macron-sisi-award-b1769409.html.
- Darwich, M. (2017). Creating the enemy, constructing the threat: The diffusion of repression against the Muslim Brotherhood In the Middle East. Democratization, 24(7), 1289–1306.
- Darwish, M. (2016). Casting the other as an existential threat: The securitisation of sectarianism In the international relations of the Syria crisis. Global Discourse, 6(4), 712–732.
- Durac, V. (2018). Counterterrorism and democracy: EU policy In the Middle East and North Africa after the uprisings. Mediterranean Politics, 23(1), 103–121.
- DW. (2021, May 3). France agrees sale of war planes to Egypt. Deutsche Welle, https://www.dw.com/en/france-agrees-sale-of-war-planes-to-egypt/a-57418002.
- Edel, M., & Josua, M. (2018). How authoritarian rulers seek to legitimize repression: Framing mass killings In Egypt and Uzbekistan. Democratization, 25(5), 882–900.
- Elysee. (2020, October 31). Interview granted to Al-Jazeera by the French President Emmanuel Macron, https://www.elysee.fr/en/emmanuel-macron/2020/10/31/interview-granted-to-al-jazeera-by-the-french-president-emmanuel-macron.
- Embassy of Egypt. (n.d.). In Egypt, a Call for Tolerance and Moderation, http://www.egyptembassy.net/media/Egypt_ToleranceFS_011315a23.pdf.
- European Commission. (2020a). EU Security Union Strategy, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_1379.
- European Commission. (2020b, December 9). A Counter-Terrorism Agenda for the EU: Anticipate, Prevent, Protect, Respond, https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/default/files/pdf/09122020_communication_commission_european_parliament_the_council_eu_agenda_counter_terrorism_po-2020-9031_com-2020_795_en.pdf.
- Fahmy, S., & Al Emad, M. (2011). Al-Jazeera vs Al-Jazeera: A comparison of the network’s English and arabic online coverage of the US/Al qaeda conflict. The International Communication Gazette, 73(3), 216–232.
- Feuer, S. (2019). Course Correction: The Muslim World League, Saudi Arabia’s Export of Islam, and Opportunities for Washington. Washington Institute for Near East Policy, https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/media/852.
- FIDH. (2018). Egypt: A Repression made in France, No. 716a, June, https://www.fidh.org/en/issues/litigation/egypt-a-repression-made-in-france.
- Fisher, J., & Anderson, D. M. (2015). Authoritarianism and the securitization of development In Africa. International Affairs, 91(1), 131–151.
- France Diplomacy. (2020, October 2). Fight against separatism – the Republic in action: speech by Emmanuel Macron, President of the Republic, https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/coming-to-france/france-facts/secularism-and-religious-freedom-in-france-63815/article/fight-against-separatism-the-republic-in-action-speech-by-emmanuel-macron.
- Freedland, J. (2015, November 20). Let’s deny Isis its binary struggle – and celebrate the grey zone. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/nov/20/isis-binary-struggle-grey-zone-jihadism.
- General Secretariat of the Council. (2020, June 16). EU-Egypt Partnership Priorities 2017-2020, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/23942/eu-egypt.pdf.
- Gerschewski, J. (2013). The three pillars of stability: Legitimation, repression, and Co-optation In autocratic regimes. Democratization, 20(1), 13–38.
- Haacke, J., & Williams, P. D. (2008). Regional arrangements, securitization, and transnational Security challenges: The african Union and the association of southeast Asian Nations compared. Security Studies, 17(4), 775–809.
- Haddad, B. (2020, November 3). France’s War on Islamism Isn’t Populism. It’s Reality, Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/11/03/frances-war-on-islamism-isnt-populism-its-reality/.
- Hansen, L. (2011). The politics of securitization and the Muhammad cartoon crisis: A post-structuralist perspective. Security Dialogue, 42(4-5), 357–369.
- Harders, C., Jünemann, A., & Khatib, L. (2017). Europe and the Arab world: Neighbours and uneasy partners In a highly conflictual context. International Politics, 54(1), 434–452.
- Hashemi, N. (2021). Political Islam: A 40 year retrospective. Religions, 12(2), 130–147.
- Hendawi, H. (2020, October 28). Egypt’s El Sisi: free expression should not mean offending 1.5 billion people, The National, https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/egypt-s-el-sisi-free-expression-should-not-mean-offending-1-5-billion-people-1.1101133.
- Joffe, G. (2008). The European Union, democracy and counter-terrorism In the maghreb. Journal of Common Market Studies, 46(1), 141–171.
- Josua, M. (2021). What drives diffusion? Anti-terrorism legislation In the Arab Middle East and North Africa. Journal of Global Security Studies, 6(3).
- Kaunert, C., & Léonard, S. (2019). The collective securitisation of terrorism In the European Union. West European Politics, 42(2), 261–277.
- Khatib, H. (2016, January 15). The Controversy of Blasphemy in Egypt. Sicherheitspolitik Blog, https://www.sicherheitspolitik-blog.de/2016/01/15/the-controversy-of-blasphemy-in-egypt/.
- Kourgiotis, P. (2020). ‘Moderate Islam’ made In the United Arab Emirates: Public Diplomacy and the Politics of containment. Religions, 11(1), 43–60.
- Krause, K. (2018). A state, an insurgency, and a revolution: Understanding and defeating the three faces of ISIS. In S. Ganguly, & F. A. R. al-Istrabadi (Eds.), The future of ISIS: Regional and international implications (pp. 223–246). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
- Krieg, A. (2020, November 30). How the UAE weaponised western fears of Islam to crush dissent, https://www.andreaskrieg.com/post/how-the-uae-weaponised-western-fears-of-islam-to-crush-dissent.
- Lacroix, S. (2019). Saudi Arabia and the limits of religious reform. The Review of Faith and Religious Affairs, 17(2), 97–101.
- Lehata, A. (2015, February 2). Revolutionizing Religion in Sisi’s Egypt. Council on Foreign Relations Blog, https://www.cfr.org/blog/revolutionizing-religion-sisis-egypt.
- Leonard, S. (2010). EU border security and migration into the European Union: FRONTEX and securitisation through practices. European Security, 19(2), 231–254.
- Meyer, C. (2009). International terrorism as a force of homogenization? A constructivist approach to understanding cross-national threat perceptions and responses. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 22(4), 647–666.
- Musharraf, P. (2004, June 1). A Plea for Enlightened Moderation. Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2004/06/01/a-plea-for-enlightened-moderation/b01ff08e-f0c5-4ad5-8e96-b97a32ec084e/.
- Nacos, B. L., Bloch-Elkon, Y., & Shapiro, R. Y. (2011). Selling fear: Counterterrorism, the media, and public opinion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Nesser, P. (2019). Military interventions, jihadi networks, and terrorist entrepreneurs: How the Islamic state terror wave rose So high In Europe. CTC Sentinel, 12(3), 15–21.
- Nussio, E. (2020). Attitudinal and emotional consequences of Islamist terrorism. Evidence from the Berlin attack. Political Psychology, 41(6), 1151–1171.
- Pantel, N. (2020, October 2). Was von Frankreichs Dank an die Muslime übrig bleibt. Süddeutsche Zeitung, https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/macron-islam-frankreich-1.5051979.
- Perliger, A. (2012). How democracies respond to terrorism: Regime characteristics, symbolic Power and counterterrorism. Security Studies, 21(3), 490–528.
- Pratt, N., & Rezk, D. (2019). Securitizing the Muslim brotherhood: State violence and authoritarianism In Egypt after the Arab spring. Security Dialogue, 50(3), 239–256.
- Roberts, D. B. (2017). Qatar and the UAE: Exploring divergent responses to the Arab spring. The Middle East Journal, 71(4), 544–562.
- SaferWorld. (2017). We need to talk about Egypt: how brutal ‘counter-terrorism’ is failing Egypt and its allies. October, https://saferworld-indepth.squarespace.com/we-need-to-talk-about-egypt/.
- Salloum, R. (2020, November 27). Bundesverdienstkreuz für fragwürdige Verdienste. Spiegel Online, https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/bundesverdienstkreuz-fuer-aegyptens-ex-botschafter-hoechste-auszeichnung-fuer-fragwuerdige-verdienste-a-2e2422de-ce71-4a80-973b-8061df428698.
- Smith Finley, J. (2019). Securitization, insecurity and conflict In contemporary xinjiang: Has PRC counter-terrorism evolved into state terror? Central Asian Survey, 38(1), 1–26.
- Solingen, E. (2007). Pax Asiatica versus bella levantina: The foundations of War and Peace In East Asia and the Middle East. American Political Science Review, 101(4), 757–780.
- Sperling, J., & Webber, M. (2019). The European Union: Security governance and collective securitization. West European Politics, 42(2), 228–260.
- Storm, L. (2009). The persistence of authoritarianism as a source of radicalization In North Africa. International Affairs, 85(5), 997–1013.
- Tsourapas, G. (2021). Global autocracies: Strategies of transnational repression, legitimation, and Co-optation In world politics. International Studies Review, 23(3), 616–644.
- Walsh, J. I., & Piazza, J. A. (2010). Why respecting physical integrity rights reduces terrorism. Comparative Political Studies, 43(5), 551–577.
- Wintour, P. (2018, July 27). Donald Trump hoping to call Gulf states to Washington summit. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/27/donald-trump-hoping-to-call-gulf-states-to-washington-summit.