Role Conflict of Chinese Student-Athletes: Distinct Challenges They Face and Implications for Collegiate Sport Administrators

References

• Adler, P., & Adler, P. A. (1987). Role conflict and identity salience: College athletics and the academic role. The Social Science Journal, 24(4), 443–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/0362-3319(87)90059-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Sharideh, K. A., & Goe, W. R. (1998). Ethnic communities within the university: An examination of factors influencing the personal adjustment of international students. Research in Higher Education, 39(6), 699–725. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018714125581
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentzinger, E. R. (2016). International student-athlete experiences at the NCAA Division I level [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Iowa State University.
   Google Scholar
• Biddle, B. J. (1986). Recent developments in role theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 12(1), 67–92. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.12.080186.000435
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biddle, B. J. (2013). Role theory: Expectations, identities, and behaviors. Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory. SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, H. Y., & Boore, J. R. (2010). Translation and back‐translation in qualitative nursing research: Methodological review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19(1–2), 234–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.02896.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, J. N., & Cooper, J. E. (2015). I’m running so you can be happy and I can keep my scholarship: A comparative study of Black male college athletes’ experiences with role conflict. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 8(2), 131–152. https://doi.org/10.1123/jis.2014-0120
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., & Báez, J. C. (2020). 30 essential skills for the qualitative researcher. SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Cross, S. E. (1995). Self-construals, coping, and stress in cross-cultural adaptation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26(6), 673–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/002202219502600610
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bosscher, V., Shibli, S., Westerbeek, H., & van Bottenburg, M. (2016). Convergence and divergence of elite sport policies: Is there a one-size-fits-all model to develop international sporting success? Journal of Global Sport Management, 1(3–4), 70–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2016.1237203
   Google Scholar
• Foo, C. E., Wells, J. E., & Walker, N. A. (2015). Do American college and university students endorse the recruitment of international student athletes? Journal of Contemporary Athletics, 9(3), 149–159.
   Google Scholar
• Fulks, D. L. (2013). Revenues and expenses: NCAA Division I intercollegiate athletics programs report (2004–2012). National Collegiate Athletic Association.
   Google Scholar
• Giacobbi, P. R., Lynn, T. K., Wetherington, J. M., Jenkins, J., Bodendorf, M., & Langley, B. (2004). Stress and coping during the transition to university for first-year female athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 18(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.18.1.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallmann, K., & Petry, K. (Eds.). (2013). Comparative sport development. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Hatteberg, S. J. (2020). Collegiate athletes’ use and perceptions of institutional sources of support for role-related stressors. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 2020(Special Issue), 98–123.
   Google Scholar
• Haugen, M. (2021). Chinese student-athlete? A social-cultural examination of education for elite Chinese athletes [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
   Google Scholar
• Hong, F., Wu, P., & Xiong, H. (2005). Beijing ambitions: An analysis of the Chinese elite sports system and its Olympic strategy for the 2008 Olympic Games. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 22(4), 510–529. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360500126336
   Google Scholar
• Hosick, M. B. (2010). International prospective student-athletes pose challenges. NCAA. org
   Google Scholar
• Houlihan, B., & Green, M. (2007). Comparative elite sport development. In Comparative elite sport development (pp. 15–39). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, R., & Riordan, J. J. (2002). Sport and physical education in China. Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. Y. (2017). Cross-cultural adaptation. In Oxford research encyclopedias: Communication. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, B. S., Atkinson, D. R., & Yang, P. H. (1999). The Asian values scale: Development, factor analysis, validation, and reliability. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46(3), 342–352. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.46.3.342
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitsos, J. M. (2012). Academic persistence of international student-athletes at NCAA Division I institutions [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. New York University.
   Google Scholar
• Lance, L. (2004). Gender differences in perceived role conflict among university student-athletes. College Student Journal, 38, 179–190.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J., & Opio, T. (2011). Coming to America: Challenges and difficulties faced by African student athletes. Sport, Education and Society, 16(5), 629–644. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2011.601144
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln, Y. G., & Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. London, Sage Publications. Contextualization: Evidence from distributed teams. Information Systems Research, 16(1), 9–27.
   Google Scholar
• Ling, Z., & Hong, F. (2014). After the glory: Elite athletes’ re-employment in China. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 31(6), 635–651. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2013.878498
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lumpkin, A. (2017). Commercialism in college sports undermines athletes’ educational opportunities and rights. In College athletes’ rights and well-being: Critical perspectives on policy and practice (pp. 101–112). John Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lumpkin, A., & Favor, J. (2013). Comparing the academic performance of high school athletes and non-athletes in Kansas 2008–2009. Journal of Applied Sport Management, 4(1), 41–62.
   Google Scholar
• Maguire, J. (1999). Global sport: Identities, societies, civilizations. Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Moon, C. Y., Zhang, S., Larke, P., & James, M. (2020). We are not all the same: A qualitative analysis of the nuanced differences between Chinese and South Korean international graduate students’ experiences in the United States. Journal of International Students, 10(1), 28–49. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v10i1.770
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Association of State Boards of Education. (2004). Athletics and achievement: The report of the NASBE commission on high school athletics in an era of reform.
   Google Scholar
• NCAA.org. (2019, October 08). International student-athlete participation. Retrieved July 21, 2020, from https://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/international-student-athlete-participation
   Google Scholar
• Newell, E. M. (2015). International student–athlete adjustment issues: Advising recommendations for effective transitions. NACADA Journal, 35(2), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.12930/NACADA-14-015
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson, M., Hoye, R., & Houlihan, B. (Eds.). (2010). Participation in sport: International policy perspectives. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pan, J. Y., & Wong, D. F. K. (2011). Acculturative stressors and acculturative strategies as predictors of negative affect among Chinese international students in Australia and Hong Kong: A cross-cultural comparative study. Academic Psychiatry: The Journal of the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training and the Association for Academic Psychiatry, 35(6), 376–381. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ap.35.6.376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popp, N., Hums, M. A., & Greenwell, T. C. (2009). Do international student-athletes view the purpose of sport differently than United States student-athletes at NCAA division I universities? Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 2, 93–110.
   Google Scholar
• Ridinger, L. L., & Pastore, D. L. (2000). International student-athlete adjustment to college: A preliminary analysis. NACADA Journal, 20(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.12930/0271-9517-20.1.33
   Google Scholar
• Ridpath, B. D., Rudd, A., & Stokowski, S. (2020). Perceptions of European athletes that attend American colleges and universities for elite athletic development and higher education access. Journal of Global Sport Management, 5(1), 34–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2019.1636402
   Google Scholar
• Robertson, M., Line, M., Jones, S., & Thomas, S. (2000). International students, learning environments and perceptions: A case study using the Delphi technique. Higher Education Research & Development, 19(1), 89–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360050020499
   Google Scholar
• Rpowell. (2019, July 23). International student-athletes. Retrieved June 03, 2020, from http://www.ncaa.org/student-athletes/future/international-student-athletes
   Google Scholar
• Sack, A. L., & Thiel, R. (1985). College basketball and role conflict: A national survey. Sociology of Sport Journal, 2(3), 195–209. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2.3.195
   Google Scholar
• Sato, T., Hodge, S. R., & Eckert, K. (2018). Experiences of international student-athletes at a historically black university. Journal of International Students, 8(2), 696–723. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v8i2.99
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savin-Baden, M., & Major, C. H. (2013). Qualitative research: The essential guide to theory and practice. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Settles, I. H., Sellers, R. M., & Alphonse, D. (2002). One role or two? The function of psychological separation in role conflict. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 574–582. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snelgrove, R., & Havitz, M. E. (2010). Looking back in time: The pitfalls and potential of retrospective methods in leisure studies. Leisure Sciences, 32(4), 337–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2010.488199
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staying on Track to Graduate. (n.d.). http://www.ncaa.org/student-athletes/current/staying-track-graduate
   Google Scholar
• Tan, T. C., Zheng, J., & Dickson, G. (2019). Policy transfer in elite sport development: the case of elite swimming in China. European Sport Management Quarterly, 19(5), 645–665. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2019.1572768
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracy, S. J. (2019). Qualitative research methods: Collecting evidence, crafting analysis, communicating impact. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. (2021). All places of origin: International student data. https://opendoorsdata.org/data/international-students/all-places-of-origin/
   Google Scholar
• Van de Vliert, E. (1981). A three-step theory of role conflict resolution. The Journal of Social Psychology, 113(1), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1981.9924351
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, M., Heppner, P. P., Mallen, M. J., Ku, T. Y., Liao, K. Y. H., & Wu, T. F. (2007). Acculturative stress, perfectionism, years in the United States, and depression among Chinese international students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(4), 385–394. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.4.385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendling, E., Kellison, T. B., & Sagas, M. (2018). A conceptual examination of college athletes’ role conflict through the lens of conservation of resources theory. Quest, 70(1), 28–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2017.1333437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weston, M. A. (2006). Internationalization in college sports: Issues in recruiting, amateurism, and scope. Willamette Law Rev, 42, 829.
   Google Scholar
• Whitby, D. (1999). Elite sport. In J. Riordan & R. Jones (Eds.), Sport and physical education in China (pp. 120–141). ISCPES.
   Google Scholar
• Yao, C. W., George Mwangi, C. A., & Malaney Brown, V. K. (2019). Exploring the intersection of transnationalism and critical race theory: A critical race analysis of international student experiences in the United States. Race Ethnicity and Education, 22(1), 38–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2018.1497968
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh, C. J., & Inose, M. (2003). International students’ reported English fluency, social support satisfaction, and social connectedness as predictors of acculturative stress. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 16(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/0951507031000114058
   Google Scholar