Envious gazes and evil eye beads: A self-psychological perspective on the evil eye

References

• Adler, G. (1996). Transitional objects, selfobjects, real objects, and the process of change in psychodynamic psychotherapy. In L. Lifson (Ed.), Understanding therapeutic action (Psychology revivals) (pp. 69–84). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Alighieri, D. (2013). The divine comedy: Inferno, purgatorio, paradiso. Vintage Books.
   Google Scholar
• Ayçiçeği-Dinn, A., & Caldwell-Harris, C. L. (2011). Individualism–collectivism among Americans, Turks and Turkish immigrants to the U.S. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.11.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayçiçeği-Dinn, A., & Caldwell-Harris, C. L. (2013). Vertical collectivism, family-consciousness and urbanization in Turkey. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(47), 232–251.
   Google Scholar
• Ayers, M. (2003). The eyes of shame. Brunner-Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bacal, H. A., & Newman, K. M. (1990). Theories of object relations: Bridges to self psychology. Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bachar, E. (1998). The contributions of self psychology to the treatment of anorexia and bulimia. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 52(2), 147–165. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1998.52.2.147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bateson, M., Nettle, D., & Roberts, G. (2006). Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting. Biology Letters, 2(3), 412–414. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begiç, H. N. (2020). Amulets from Anatolia: The material culture of the evil eye in Turkey. Folk Life, 58(2), 97–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/04308778.2020.1804171
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, A. S. (2013). The evil eye: A cautious look. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(3), 785–788. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-010-9450-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berke, J. H. (1985). Envy loveth not: A study of the origin, influence and confluence of envy and narcissism. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 1(3), 171–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0118.1985.tb00903.x
   Google Scholar
• Blum, H. P. (2013). Picasso’s prolonged adolescence, blue period, and blind figures. The Psychoanalytic Review, 100(2), 267–287. https://doi.org/10.1521/prev.2013.100.2.267
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bohigian, G. H. (1997). The history of the evil eye and its influence on ophthalmology, medicine and social customs. Documenta Ophthalmologica, 94(1), 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02629683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cañigueral, R., & Hamilton, A. F. D. C. (2019). Being watched: Effects of an audience on eye gaze and prosocial behaviour. Acta Psychologica, 195, 50–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çıblak, N. (2004). Halk Kültüründe Nazar, Nazarlık İnancı ve Bunlara Bağlı Uygulamalar. Türklük Bilimi Araştırmaları, (15), 103–125.
   Google Scholar
• Çiçekler, A. N. (2019). Isaac Barrow’un Kaleminden Türklerde Batıl İnançlar/Hurafeler/Halk İnanışları. Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları, 20(20), 165–188. https://doi.org/10.30767/diledeara.635502
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, S. H., & Adler, G. (1990). Toward a clarification of the transitional object and selfobject concepts in the treatment of the borderline patient . In The Annual of Psychoanalysis, (Vol. 18., pp. 133–152). The Analytic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson, G. L., & Clayton, N. S. (2016). New perspectives in gaze sensitivity research. Learning & Behavior, 44(1), 9–17. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-015-0204-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Droga, J. T., & Kaufmann, P. J. (1995). The guilt of tragic man. In A. Goldberd (Ed.), The impact of new ideas: Progress in Self Psychology (Vol. 11., 259–280). The Analytic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, J. H. (2016). Beware the evil eye: The evil eye in the bible and the ancient world. Cascade Books.
   Google Scholar
• Ellsworth, P. C. (1975). Direct gaze as a social stimulus: The example of aggression. In P. Pliner, L. Krames, & T. Alloway (Eds.), Nonverbal communication of aggression (pp. 53–75). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2835-3_3
   Google Scholar
• Emery, N. J. (2000). The eyes have it: The neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 24(6), 581–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(00)00025-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernest-Jones, M., Nettle, D., & Bateson, M. (2011). Effects of eye images on everyday cooperative behavior: A field experiment. Evolution and Human Behavior, 32(3), 172–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.10.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, E., & de Paola, H. (1994). An investigation into the psychoanalytic concept of envy. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 75(2), 217–234.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feldman, S. S. (1962). Blushing, fear of blushing, and shame. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 10(2), 368–385. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306516201000209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldmann, T. B., & Johnson, P. W. (1992). The selfobject function of weapons: A self psychology examination. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 20(4), 561–576. https://doi.org/10.1521/jaap.1.1992.20.4.561
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freud, S. (1909). Letter from Sigmund Freud to C. G. Jung, November 21, 1909. In The Freud/Jung letters: The correspondence between Sigmund Freud and C. G. Jung (pp. 265–267). https://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=ZBK.041.0262B
   Google Scholar
• Freud, S. (1919). The Uncanny.In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. (Vol 17., pp. 217–256).Hogarth Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ganz, Z. (2017). God as selfobject and the therapeutic potential of divine failure. Clinical Social Work Journal, 45(4), 332–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-016-0608-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardin, N., Olorenshaw, R., Gardin, J., Klein, O., & Descours, S. (2019). Le petit Larousse des symboles. Larousse.
   Google Scholar
• Geist, R. A. (1989). Self psychological reflections on the origins of eating disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 17(1), 5–27. https://doi.org/10.1521/jaap.1.1989.17.1.5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giacomantonio, M., Jordan, J., Federico, F., van den Assem, M. J., & van Dolder, D. (2018). The evil eye: Eye gaze and competitiveness in social decision making. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(3), 388–396. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2336
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glucksman, M. L. (2015). Discussion of masochism and pathological gambling: A review of masochism. Psychodynamic Psychiatry, 43(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2015.43.1.27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldberg, A. (1984). Translation between Psychoanalytic Theories. In The Annual of Psychoanalysis, (Vol. 12., pp. 121–135). The Analytic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Holden, L. (2000). Encyclopedia of taboos. ABC-CLIO.
   Google Scholar
• İnanç, A. S., & Saatçioğlu, E. (2017). Nazar Olgusunun Sosyal Medyaya Yansıması: Sosyal Medyada Nazardan Korunma Pratikleri Olarak Etiketler (Hashtagler) Üzerine Bir Araştırma. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(5), 2729–2759. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.343084
   Google Scholar
• Kalaycıoğlu, E., & Çarkoğlu, A. (2009). Türkiye’de Dindarlık: Uluslararası Bir Karşılaştırma. https://research.sabanciuniv.edu/id/eprint/13119/
   Google Scholar
• Kawashima, R., Sugiura, M., Kato, T., Nakamura, A., Hatano, K., Ito, K., Fukuda, H., Kojima, S., & Nakamura, K. (1999). The human amygdala plays an important role in gaze monitoring: A PET study. Brain A Journal of Neurology, 122(4), 779–783. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/122.4.779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilborne, B. (2008). The evil eye, envy, and shame: On emotions and explanation. In L. Wurmser, & H. Jarass (Eds.), Jealousy and envy: New views about two powerful feelings (pp. 129–148). The Analytic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, M. (1957/1975). Envy and gratitude and other works 1946–1963 (M. M. R. Khan, Ed.). The International Psycho-Analytical Library. https://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=ipl.104.0001a
   Google Scholar
• Kohut, H. (1971). The analysis of the self: A systematic approach to the psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personality disorders. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kohut, H. (2011). Preface to Der falsche Weg zum Selbst, Studien zur Drogenkarriere by Jiirgen vom Scheidt. In P. H. Ornstein (Ed.), The search for the self. (Vol 2., pp. 845–850). Karnac Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kohut, H. (1978). The restoration of the self. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kohut, H. (1984). How does analysis cure?. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kohut, H. (1985). Self-psychology and the humanities (C. Strozier, Ed.). Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Kohut, H., & Wolf, E. S. (1978). The disorders of the self and their treatment: An outline. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 59(4), 413–425.
   Google Scholar
• Kotzé, Z. (2017). The evil eye of Sumerian deities. Asian and African Studies, 26(1), 102–115.
   Google Scholar
• Krizan, Z., & Johar, O. (2012). Envy divides the two faces of narcissism: Narcissism and envy. Journal of Personality, 80(5), 1415–1451. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00767.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger, D. (1997). Food as selfobject in eating disorder patients. Psychoanalytic Review, 84(4), 617–630.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malin, B. D. (2011). Kohut and Lacan: Mirror opposites. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 31(1), 58–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351690.2010.512848
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maloney, C. (1976). The evil eye. Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Manesi, Z., Van Lange, P. A. M., & Pollet, T. V. (2016). Eyes wide open: Only eyes that pay attention promote prosocial behavior. Evolutionary Psychology, 14(2), 1474704916640780. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474704916640780
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milch, W. E., & Orange, D. M. (2004). Conscience as the reappearance of the other in self-experience: On using the concepts superego and conscience in self psychology. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 24(2), 206–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351692409349080
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modell, A. H. (1984). Psychoanalysis in a new context. International Universities Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nettle, D., Harper, Z., Kidson, A., Stone, R., Penton-Voak, I. S., & Bateson, M. (2013). The watching eyes effect in the dictator game: It’s not how much you give, it’s being seen to give something. Evolution and Human Behavior, 34(1), 35–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.08.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nietzsche, F. (1994). Nietzsche: “on the genealogy of morality” and other writings. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ornstein, P. H. (2015). On choosing a guiding theory for treatment in a pluralistic psychoanalytic world: My personal journey. International Journal of Psychoanalytic Self Psychology, 10(2), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/15551024.2015.1005796
   Google Scholar
• Pfattheicher, S., & Keller, J. (2015). The watching eyes phenomenon: The role of a sense of being seen and public self‐awareness. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(5), 560–566. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rector, L. J. (1996). The function of early selfobject experiences in gendered representations of god. Progress in Self Psychology, 12, 249–268. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203779446-15
   Google Scholar
• ReFaey, K., Quinones, G. C., Clifton, W., Tripathi, S., & Quiñones-Hinojosa, A. (2019). The eye of horus: The connection between art, medicine, and mythology in Ancient Egypt. Cureus, 11(5). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.4731
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato, W., Yoshikawa, S., Kochiyama, T., & Matsumura, M. (2004). The amygdala processes the emotional significance of facial expressions: An fMRI investigation using the interaction between expression and face direction. NeuroImage, 22(2), 1006–1013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.02.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneier, F. R., Kent, J. M., Star, A., & Hirsch, J. (2009). Neural circuitry of submissive behavior in social anxiety disorder: A preliminary study of response to direct eye gaze. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 173(3), 248–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.06.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoeck, H. (1987). Envy: A theory of social behaviour. Liberty Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shoshani, M., Shoshani, B., Kella, R., & Becker, M. (2012). Green eyes, crows, and scorpions: Envy in the contexts of neediness, separateness, and narcissism. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 29(4), 440–458. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024679
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver, M., & Sabini, J. (1978). The perception of envy. Social Psychology, 41(2), 105–117. https://doi.org/10.2307/3033570
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegel, S. (1993). The utilization and investigation of “luck” in psychotherapy. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 29(1), 173–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/00107530.1993.10746803
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielman, P. M. (1971). Envy and Jealousy an attempt at clarification. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 40(1), 59–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/21674086.1971.11926551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spillius, E. B. (1993). Varieties of envious experience. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 74(6), 1199–1212.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steiner, J. (2011). Seeing and being seen: Emerging from a psychic retreat. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Stone, W. N. (1992). A self psychology perspective of envy in group psychotherapy. Group Analysis, 25(4), 413–428. https://doi.org/10.1177/0533316492254004
   Google Scholar
• Tourney, G., & Plazak, D. J. (1954). Evil eye in myth and schizophrena. The Psychiatric Quarterly, 28(1), 478–495. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01567069
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Türkarslan, K. K., & Kozak, E. D. (2024). Exploring the evil eye beliefs: A quantitative study. [ Manuscript in preparation].
   Google Scholar
• Türkmenoğlu-Berkan, S., & Tuncer-Manzakoğlu, B. (2016). Evil eye belief in Turkish culture: Myth of evil eye bead. Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 6(2), 193–204. https://doi.org/10.7456/10602100/013
   Google Scholar
• Ulman, R. B., & Brothers, D. (1988). The shattered self: A psychoanalytic study of trauma. The Analytic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Venger, A. L. (2006). The cultural approach in psychotherapy. Cultural-Historical Psychology, 2(5), 32-39. https://psyjournals.ru/en/kip/2006/n5/Venger.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Wahba, R. (1991). Envy in the transference: A specific selfobject disruption. In A. Goldberg (Ed.), Progress in Self Psychology (Vol. 7, pp. 155–172). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Westermarck, E. (1971). The origin and development of the moral ideas. Books for Libraries Press.
   Google Scholar
• Winnicott, D. W. (1971). Playing and reality. Tavistock Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Young, I. F., Razavi, P., Cohen, T. R., Yang, Q., Alabèrnia-Segura, M., & Sullivan, D. (2021). A multidimensional approach to the relationship between individualism-collectivism and guilt and shame. Emotion, 21(1), 108–122. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar