Publication Cover
Sustainable Environment
An international journal of environmental health and sustainability
Volume 10, 2024 - Issue 1
705
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Ecology

Climate smart agriculture strategies for enhanced agricultural resilience and food security under a changing climate in Ethiopia

ORCID Icon | (Reviewing editor:)
Article: 2345433 | Received 28 Sep 2023, Accepted 16 Apr 2024, Published online: 26 Apr 2024

References

  • Abebe, B. (2019). Cattle fattening practices in West Hararghe: Potentials and constraints of beef cattle production in Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science, 11(8), 120. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n8p120
  • Abebe, T., Wiersum, K. F., & Bongers, F. (2010). Spatial and temporal variation in crop diversity in agroforestry homegardens of southern Ethiopia. Agroforestry Systems, 78(3), 309–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-009-9246-6
  • Abera, T., Feyisa, D., & Friesen, D. K. (2009). Effects of crop rotation and NP fertilizer rate on grain yield and related characteristics of maize and soil fertility at Bako, Western Oromia, Ethiopia. East African Journal of Sciences, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.4314/eajsci.v3i1.42789
  • Adane, F., Legesse, A., Weldeamanuel, T., & Belay, T. (2019). The contribution of a fruit tree-based agroforestry system for household income to smallholder farmers in Dale District, Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research, 9(1), 78–84. https://doi.org/10.15406/apar.2019.09.00415
  • Adhikari, U., Nejadhashemi, A. P., & Woznicki, S. A. (2015). Climate change and eastern Africa: A review of impact on major crops. Food and Energy Security, 4(2), 110–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.61
  • Adimassu, Z., Langan, S., & Johnston, R. (2016). Understanding determinants of farmers’ investments in sustainable land management practices in Ethiopia: Review and synthesis. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 18(4), 1005–1023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-015-9683-5
  • Agegnehu, G., & Amede, T. (2017). Integrated soil fertility and plant nutrient management in tropical agro-ecosystems: A review. Pedosphere, 27(4), 662–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60382-5
  • Agize, M., Demissew, S., & Asfaw, Z. (2013). Indigenous knowledge on management of home gardens and plants in Loma and Gena Bosa districts (weredas) of Dawro Zone, Southern Ethiopia: Plant biodiversity conservation, sustainable utilization and environmental protection. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR), 10(1), 63–99.
  • Alemayehu, G., Shibabaw, A., Adgo, E., Asch, F., Freyer, B., & Tejada Moral, M. (2020). Crop rotation and organic matter application restore soil health and productivity of degraded highland crop farms in northwest Ethiopia. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 6(1), 1831124. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1831124
  • Alemu, G., Melka, T., Angasu, B., Degaga, J., & Mechara, E. (2017). Characterization and analysis of farming system in chiro district, West Hararghe zone. Regional Review Workshop on Completed Research Activities, 59.
  • Allen, J., Pascual, K. S., Romasanta, R. R., Van Trinh, M., Van Thach, T., Van Hung, N., Sander, B. O., & Chivenge, P. (2020). Rice straw management effects on greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation options. Sustainable Rice Straw Management, 145–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32373-8
  • Altieri, M. A., Nicholls, C. I., Henao, A., & Lana, M. A. (2015). Agroecology and the design of climate change-resilient farming systems. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35(3), 869–890. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0285-2
  • Amare, D., Wondie, M., Mekuria, W., & Darr, D. (2019). Agroforestry of smallholder farmers in Ethiopia: Practices and benefits. Small-Scale Forestry, 18(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-018-9405-6
  • Amede, T. (2015). Technical and institutional attributes constraining the performance of small-scale irrigation in Ethiopia. Water Resources and Rural Development, 6, 78–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wrr.2014.10.005
  • Andrieu, N., Dumas, P., Hemmerlé, E., Caforio, F., Falconnier, G. N., Blanchard, M., & Vayssières, J. (2021). Ex ante mapping of favorable zones for uptake of climate-smart agricultural practices: A case study in West Africa. Environmental Development, 37, 100566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2020.100566
  • Ango, T. G., Börjeson, L., Senbeta, F., & Hylander, K. (2014). Balancing ecosystem services and disservices: Smallholder farmers’ use and management of forest and trees in an agricultural landscape in southwestern Ethiopia. Ecology and Society, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06279-190130
  • Anshiso, A., Woldeamanuel, T., & Asfaw, Z. (2017). Financial analysis of fruit tree based agroforestry practice in Hadero Tunto Zuria Woreda, Kembata Tembaro Zone, South Ethiopia. Research Journal of Finance & Accounting, 8(3), 72–80.
  • Araya, T., Cornelis, W. M., Nyssen, J., Govaerts, B., Bauer, H., Gebreegziabher, T., Oicha, T., Raes, D., Sayre, K. D., Haile, M., & Deckers, J. (2011). Effects of conservation agriculture on runoff, soil loss and crop yield under rainfed conditions in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Soil Use and Management, 27(3), 404–414. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2011.00347.x
  • Araya, T., Nyssen, J., Govaerts, B., Deckers, J., & Cornelis, W. M. (2015). Impacts of conservation agriculture-based farming systems on optimizing seasonal rainfall partitioning and productivity on vertisols in the Ethiopian drylands. Soil and Tillage Research, 148, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2014.11.009
  • Asfaw, Z., & Ågren, G. I. (2007). Farmers’ local knowledge and topsoil properties of agroforestry practices in Sidama, Southern Ethiopia. Agroforestry Systems, 71(1), 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-007-9087-0
  • Ashango, A., & Mesene, M. (2019). Clean Development mechanisms (CDM) and climate smart agriculture (CSA): Role and implication for sustainable natural resource management: Ethiopian context. Environmental Research, 11(11), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.7176/CER/11-11-04
  • Assoma, A. A. (2010). The “Heritagization‟ of Konso Cultural Landscape [ Dissertation]]. London School of Economics and Political Science.
  • Bacha, D., Namara, R., Bogale, A., & Tesfaye, A. (2011). Impact of small-scale irrigation on household poverty: Empirical evidence from the Ambo district in Ethiopia. Irrigation and Drainage, 60(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.550
  • Bahru, B. A., & Zeller, M. (2022). Gauging the impact of Ethiopia’s productive safety net programme on agriculture: Application of targeted maximum likelihood estimation approach. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 73(1), 257–276. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-9552.12452
  • Bekele, S. E. (2018). Parkland agroforestry of Ethiopia; key to production, productivity, biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation: A review. Open Journal of Forestry, 8(4), 472. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2018.84030
  • Bekele, W., & Drake, L. (2003). Soil and water conservation decision behavior of subsistence farmers in the Eastern Highlands of Ethiopia: A case study of the hunde-lafto area. Ecological Economics, 46(3), 437–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00166-6
  • Belay, A. D., Kebede, W. M., & Golla, S. Y. (2023). Determinants of climate-smart agricultural practices in smallholder plots: Evidence from Wadla district, northeast Ethiopia. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 15(5), 619–637. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-06-2022-0071
  • Berhanu, K., & Poulton, C. (2014). The political economy of agricultural extension policy in Ethiopia: Economic growth and political control. Development Policy Review, 32(s2), s197–s213. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12082
  • Betemariyam, M., Negash, M., & Worku, A. (2020). Comparative analysis of carbon stocks in home garden and adjacent coffee based agroforestry systems in Ethiopia. Small-Scale Forestry, 19(3), 319–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-020-09439-4
  • Birhane, E. (2014). Agroforestry governance in Ethiopia. Consultancy Report.
  • Brown, B., Nuberg, I., & Llewellyn, R. (2017). Stepwise frameworks for understanding the utilisation of conservation agriculture in Africa. Agricultural Systems, 153, 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.01.012
  • Bryan, E., Deressa, T. T., Gbetibouo, G. A., & Ringler, C. (2009). Adaptation to climate change in Ethiopia and South Africa: Options and constraints. Environmental Science & Policy, 12(4), 413–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2008.11.002
  • Burayou, W., Mesfin, T., & Debele, T.(2002). A review of tillage management research on maize in Ethiopia. Enhancing the contribution of maize to food security in Ethiopia: Proceedings of the second national maize workshop of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (pp. 71–75). EARO/CIMMYT.
  • Campbell, B. M. (2017). Climate-smart agriculture- what is it. Rural 21: The International Journal for Rural Development, 51(4), 14–16.
  • Chemura, A., Yalew, A. W., & Gornott, C. (2021). Quantifying agroforestry yield buffering potential under climate change in the smallholder maize farming systems of Ethiopia. Frontiers in Agronomy, 3, 609536. https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2021.609536
  • Conway, D., & Schipper, E. L. F. (2011). Adaptation to climate change in Africa: Challenges and opportunities identified from Ethiopia. Global Environmental Change, 21(1), 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.07.013
  • Daba, S. (2003). An investigation of the physical and socioeconomic determinants of soil erosion in the Hararghe Highlands, eastern Ethiopia. Land Degradation & Development, 14(1), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.520
  • Dagar, J. C., Gupta, S. R., & Teketay, D. (2020). Agroforestry for Degraded Landscapes. Springer.
  • Darcha, G., Birhane, E., & Abadi, N. (2015). Woody species diversity in Oxytenanthera abyssinica based homestead agroforestry systems of serako, northern Ethiopia. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 5(9), 18–27.
  • Degefa, S. (2016). Home garden agroforestry practices in the Gedeo zone, Ethiopia: A sustainable land management system for socio-ecological benefits. Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes (SEPLS) in Africa, 28.
  • Degu, M., Melese, A., & Tena, W. (2019). Effects of soil conservation practice and crop rotation on selected soil physicochemical properties: The case of Dembecha District, Northwestern Ethiopia. Applied & Environmental Soil Science, 2019, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6910879
  • Derpsch, R., Friedrich, T., Kassam, A., & Li, H. (2010). Current status of adoption of no-till farming in the world and some of its main benefits. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 3(1), 1–25.
  • Dinesh, D., Frid-Nielsen, S., Norman, J., Mutamba, M., Loboguerrero Rodriguez, A. M., & Campbell, B. M. (2015). Is climate-smart agriculture effective? A review of selected cases. CCAFS working paper.
  • Dinku, A. (2019). Assessment of constraints and opportunities in small-scale beef cattle fattening business: Evidence from the West Hararghe Zone of Ethiopia. International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 5(2), 58–68. https://doi.org/10.17352/ijvsr.000042
  • Dinku, A., Abebe, B., Lemma, A., & Shako, M. (2019). Beef cattle value chain analysis: Evidence from West Hararghe Zone of Ethiopia. International Journal of Agricultural Science and Food Technology, 5(1), 077–087. https://doi.org/10.17352/2455-815X.000046
  • Diriba, A., Dekeba, S., & Gizaw, W. (2021). Assessment of existing agroforestry practices in West Hararghe Zone of Oromia region. International Journal of Research -Granthaalayah, 9(12), 286–302. https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i12.2021.4436
  • Diro, S., Tesfaye, A., & Erko, B. (2022). Determinants of adoption of climate-smart agricultural technologies and practices in the coffee-based farming system of Ethiopia. Agriculture & Food Security, 11(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-022-00385-2
  • Djenontin, J. A., Amidou, M., & Baco, N. M. (2004). Diagnostic gestion du troupeau: gestion des ressources pastorales dans les départements de l’Alibori et du Borgou au nord Bénin. Bulletin de La Recherche Agronomique Du Bénin, 43(1), 27–31.
  • Duguma, L. A., & Hager, H. (2009). Forest products scarcity perception and response by tree planting in the rural landscapes: Farmers, views in central highlands of Ethiopia. Ekologia, 28(2), 158–169. https://doi.org/10.4149/ekol_2009_02_158
  • Ebabu, M., & Okoyo, N. (2017). Assessment of farmers’climate information need and adoption of climate smart agricultural practices in lasta district, North Wollo Zone, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. Haramaya University.
  • Edo, G. Y., Gebremedihn, K. G., Woldsenbet, A. F., & Guta, K. K. (2017). Growth performance of some multipurpose tree species around the homesteads in Gimbo District, Southwestern Ethiopia. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 6(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20170601.11
  • Endale, Y., Derero, A., Argaw, M., & Muthuri, C. (2017). Farmland tree species diversity and spatial distribution pattern in semi-arid East Shewa, Ethiopia. Forests, Trees and LiveLihoods, 26(3), 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2016.1266971
  • Eyasu, G., Tolera, M., & Negash, M. (2020). Woody species composition, structure, and diversity of homegarden agroforestry systems in southern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Heliyon, 6(12), e05500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05500
  • Fayera, T. (2022). Climate variability and the responses of crop yields to agricultural drought in the East Wollega Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1016(1), 12002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1016/1/012002
  • Feliciano, D., Recha, J., Ambaw, G., MacSween, K., Solomon, D., & Wollenberg, E. (2022). Assessment of agricultural emissions, climate change mitigation and adaptation practices in Ethiopia. Climate Policy, 22(4), 427–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2022.2028597
  • Fentie, A., & Beyene, A. D. (2019). Climate-smart agricultural practices and welfare of rural smallholders in Ethiopia: Does planting method matter? Land Use Policy, 85, 387–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.04.020
  • Gashaw, T. (2015). The implications of watershed management for reversing land degradation in Ethiopia. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 4(1), 5–12.
  • Gashure, S., & Wana, D. (2023). Spatiotemporal climate variability and trends in UNESCO designated cultural landscapes of Konso, Ethiopia. African Geographical Review, 42(2), 107–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/19376812.2021.1997611
  • Gashure, S., Wana, D., & Samimi, C. (2022). Impacts of climate variability and climate-smart agricultural practices on crop production in UNESCO designated cultural landscapes of Konso, Ethiopia. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 150(3–4), 1495–1511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-022-04244-9
  • Gebretsadik, T., & Negash, D. (2016). Assessment of major Honey bee flora resources on selected districts of Sidama and Gedeo zones of South nations nationalities and peoples regional state, Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, 4(4), 49–63. https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i4.2016.2754
  • Gebrewahid, Y., Abrehe, S., & Tejada Moral, M. (2019). Biodiversity conservation through indigenous agricultural practices: Woody species composition, density and diversity along an altitudinal gradient of Northern Ethiopia. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 5(1), 1700744. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2019.1700744
  • Gebrewahid, Y., Teka, K., Gebre-Egziabhier, T.-B., Tewolde Berhan, S., Birhane, E., Eyasu, G., & Meresa, E. (2019). Dispersed trees on smallholder farms enhance soil fertility in semi-arid Ethiopia. Ecological Processes, 8(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0190-8
  • Gebru, B. M., Wang, S. W., Kim, S. J., & Lee, W.-K. (2019). Socio-ecological niche and factors affecting agroforestry practice adoption in different agroecologies of southern Tigray, Ethiopia. Sustainability, 11(13), 3729. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133729
  • Geffersa, A. G.(2023). Does cooperative membership enhance inorganic fertilizer use intensity? Panel data evidence from maize farmers in Ethiopia. Annals of Public & Cooperative Economics.
  • Gemechu, H. W., Lemessa, D., & Jiru, D. B. (2021). A comparative analysis of indigenous and exotic tree species management practices in agricultural landscapes of Southwest Ethiopia. Trees, Forests and People, 4, 100059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2020.100059
  • Gina, T. G., Nigatu, L., & Animut, G. (2014). Biodiversity of indigenous multipurpose fodder trees of wolayta zone, southern Ethiopia: Ecological and socio-economic importance. International Journal of Emerging Technology & Advanced Engineering, 4(5), 494–503.
  • Gindaba, J., Rozanov, A., & Negash, L. (2005). Trees on farms and their contribution to soil fertility parameters in Badessa, eastern Ethiopia. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 42(1), 66–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-005-0859-2
  • Gorfu, A., Girma, K., Tanner, D. G., Taa, A., & Maru, S. (2000). Effect of crop rotation and fertilizer application on wheat yield performance across five years at two locations in southeastern Ethiopia. Eleventh Regional Wheat Workshop for Eastern, Central and Southern Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (pp. 264–274).
  • Guyassa, E., Raj, A. J., Gidey, K., & Tadesse, A. (2014). Domestication of indigenous fruit and fodder trees/shrubs in dryland agroforestry and its implication on food security. International Journal of Ecosystem, 4(2), 83–88.
  • Haile, K. K., Tirivayi, N., & Tesfaye, W. (2019). Farmers’ willingness to accept payments for ecosystem services on agricultural land: The case of climate-smart agroforestry in Ethiopia. Ecosystem Services, 39, 100964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100964
  • Hailu, T., Negash, L., & Olsson, M. (2000). Millettia ferruginea from southern Ethiopia: Impacts on soil fertility and growth of maize. Agroforestry Systems, 48(1), 9–24. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006274912762
  • Hörner, D., & Wollni, M. (2021). Integrated soil fertility management and household welfare in Ethiopia. Food Policy, 100, 102022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.102022
  • Hulme, M., Doherty, R., Ngara, T., New, M., & Lister, D. (2001). African climate change: 1900–2100. Climate Research, 17(2), 145–168. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr017145
  • Hundera, K., Honnay, O., Aerts, R., & Muys, B. (2015). The potential of small exclosures in assisting regeneration of coffee shade trees in South-Western Ethiopian coffee forests. African Journal of Ecology, 53(4), 389–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12203
  • Jogdand, O. K. (2020). Study on the effect of global warming and greenhouse gases on environmental system. In Green chemistry and sustainable technology (pp. 275–306). Apple Academic Press.
  • Kabir, M. E., & Webb, E. L. (2008). Can homegardens conserve biodiversity in Bangladesh? Biotropica, 40(1), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00346.x
  • Kanshie, T. K. (2002). Five thousand years of sustainability?: A case study on Gedeo land use (Southern Ethiopia). Wageningen University and Research.
  • Kassam, A., Friedrich, T., Shaxson, F., & Pretty, J. (2009). The spread of conservation agriculture: Justification, sustainability and uptake. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 7(4), 292–320. https://doi.org/10.3763/ijas.2009.0477
  • Ketema, H., & Yimer, F. (2014). Soil property variation under agroforestry based conservation tillage and maize based conventional tillage in Southern Ethiopia. Soil and Tillage Research, 141, 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2014.03.011
  • Khelifa, R., Mahdjoub, H., Baaloudj, A., Cannings, R. A., & Samways, M. J. (2021). Effects of both climate change and human water demand on a highly threatened damselfly. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 7725. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86383-z
  • Kiros, G., Fisseha, I., & Abraham, M. (2015). Evaluation of locally available fertilizer tree or shrub species in Gozamin Woreda, north Central Ethiopia. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 4, 164–168.
  • Kolberg, D., Persson, T., Mangerud, K., & Riley, H. (2019). Impact of projected climate change on workability, attainable yield, profitability and farm mechanization in Norwegian spring cereals. Soil and Tillage Research, 185, 122–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.09.002
  • Lameso, L., & Bekele, W. (2020). Farmers local knowledge on niche selection, management strategies and uses of cordia africana tree in agroforestry practices of Sidama zone, southern Ethiopia. American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 8(6), 258–264. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20200806.14
  • Legesse, A., & Negash, M. (2021). Species diversity, composition, structure and management in agroforestry systems: The case of Kachabira district, Southern Ethiopia. Heliyon, 7(3), e06477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06477
  • Lelamo, L. L. (2021). A review on the indigenous multipurpose agroforestry tree species in Ethiopia: Management, their productive and service roles and constraints. Heliyon, 7(9), e07874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07874
  • Lewoyehu, M., & Cardeal, Z. (2021). Evaluation of drinking water quality in rural area of Amhara region, Ethiopia: The case of Mecha district. Journal of Chemistry, 2021, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9911838
  • Liben, F. M., Tadesse, B., Tola, Y. T., Wortmann, C. S., Kim, H. K., & Mupangwa, W. (2018). Conservation agriculture effects on crop productivity and soil properties in Ethiopia. Agronomy Journal, 110(2), 758–767. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2017.07.0384
  • Likassa, E., & Gure, A. (2014). Diversity of shade tree species in smallholder coffee farms of western Oromia, Ethiopia. African Journal of Geo-Science Research, 3(1), 1–3.
  • Linger, E. (2014). Agro-ecosystem and socio-economic role of homegarden agroforestry in Jabithenan District, North-Western Ethiopia: Implication for climate change adaptation. Springer Plus, 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-154
  • Lipper, L., Thornton, P., Campbell, B. M., Baedeker, T., Braimoh, A., Bwalya, M., Caron, P., Cattaneo, A., Garrity, D., Henry, K., Hottle, R., Jackson, L., Jarvis, A., Kossam, F., Mann, W., McCarthy, N., Meybeck, A., Neufeldt, H. & Tibu, A. (2014). Climate-smart agriculture for food security. Nature Climate Change, 4(12), 1068–1072. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2437
  • Mamo, D., & Asfaw, Z. (2017). Assessment of farmers’ management activities on scattered trees on crop fields at Gemechis district, West Hararge Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. International Journal of Agriculture, 2(1), 41–57.
  • Marie, M., Yirga, F., Haile, M., & Tquabo, F. (2020). Farmers’ choices and factors affecting adoption of climate change adaptation strategies: Evidence from northwestern Ethiopia. Heliyon, 6(4), e03867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03867
  • McMichael, A. J. (2013). Globalization, climate change, and human health. New England Journal of Medicine, 368(14), 1335–1343. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1109341
  • Mengistie, B. T., Mol, A. P. J., & Oosterveer, P. (2017). Pesticide use practices among smallholder vegetable farmers in Ethiopian Central Rift Valley. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 19(1), 301–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-015-9728-9
  • Meragiaw, M. (2017). Role of agroforestry and plantation on climate change mitigation and carbon sequestration in Ethiopia. Journal of Tree Sciences, 36(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.5958/2455-7129.2017.00001.2
  • Merga, G. (2020). The role of smallscale irrigation schemes in poverty reduction: the case of Sibu Sire Woreda, Western Ethiopia. Editorial Board, 9(11), 111.
  • Mersha, F., Haji, J., Emana, B., & Mehare, A. (2022). Farm households choices of adaptation strategies to climate variability challenges in Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia. Sustainable Agriculture Research, 11(4), 50–54. https://doi.org/10.5539/sar.v11n4p50
  • Mesele, N. (2007). Tree’s management and livelihoods in Gedeo’s Agroforests, Ethiopia. Forest. Trees and Livelihood, 17(2), 158–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2007.9752591
  • Mhiret, D. A., Dagnew, D. C., Guzman, C. D., Alemie, T. C., Zegeye, A. D., Tebebu, T. Y., Langendoen, E. J., Zaitchik, B. F., Tilahun, S. A., & Steenhuis, T. S. (2020). A nine-year study on the benefits and risks of soil and water conservation practices in the humid highlands of Ethiopia: The Debre Mawi watershed. Journal of Environmental Management, 270, 110885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110885
  • Mohamed-Brahmi, A., Tsiokos, D., Ben Saïd, S., Boudalia, S., Smeti, S., Bousbia, A., Gueroui, Y., Boudebbouz, A., Anastasiadou, M., & Symeon, G. K. (2022). Challenges and opportunities of the Mediterranean indigenous bovine populations: Analysis of the different production systems in Algeria, Greece, and Tunisia. Sustainability, 14(6), 3356.
  • Molyneux, N., Da Cruz, G. R., Williams, R. L., Andersen, R., & Turner, N. C. (2012). Climate change and population growth in Timor Leste: Implications for food security. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 41(8), 823–840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0287-0
  • Mosissa, D., & Atinafu, H. (2021). Applied ethnobotany: People, medicinal plants use and conservation practices in Benishangul Gumuz Regional State of Ethiopia: The future cursed natural resource in the Region. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(1), 18–30.
  • Muleta, D., Assefa, F., Nemomissa, S., & Granhall, U. (2011). Socioeconomic benefits of shade trees in coffee production systems in Bonga and Yayuhurumu districts, southwestern Ethiopia: Farmers’ perceptions. Ethiopian Journal of Education and Sciences, 7(1), 39–55.
  • Mulhollem, J. (2018). Agroforestry systems may play vital role in mitigating climate change. Penn State News, February, 1.
  • Mulia, R., Simelton, E., Le, T. T., Pham, T. V., & Do, T. H. (2018). Native and endangered timber tree species in home gardens of northeast and North Central Vietnam. Biodiversity International Journal, 2(2), 40–43. https://doi.org/10.15406/bij.2018.02.00041
  • Muluneh, S. A., Tekalign, S., & Asefaw, S. (2022). Practices of climate smart agriculture and impacts on the household food security in rural kebeles of Dire Dawa administration, Ethiopia. Haramaya University.
  • Mutenje, M. J., Farnworth, C. R., Stirling, C., Thierfelder, C., Mupangwa, W., & Nyagumbo, I. (2019). A cost-benefit analysis of climate-smart agriculture options in Southern Africa: Balancing gender and technology. Ecological Economics, 163, 126–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.05.013
  • Negash, M. (2007). Trees management and livelihoods in Gedeo’s agroforests, Ethiopia. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 17(2), 157–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2007.9752591
  • Negash, M., & Starr, M. (2015). Biomass and soil carbon stocks of indigenous agroforestry systems on the south-eastern Rift Valley escarpment, Ethiopia. Plant and Soil, 393(1), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2469-6
  • Negash, M., Yirdaw, E., & Luukkanen, O. (2012). Potential of indigenous multistrata agroforests for maintaining native floristic diversity in the south-eastern Rift Valley escarpment, Ethiopia. Agroforestry Systems, 85(1), 9–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-011-9408-1
  • Ngosong, C., Okolle, J. N., & Tening, A. S. (2019). Mulching: A sustainable option to improve soil health. Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable Development, 231–249.
  • Nigussie, E., Betebo, T., & Yousuf, J. (2020). The role of indigenous knowledge in conservation agriculture: The case of lare district in Gambella Region, Ethiopia. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering, 11(1), 8–18.
  • Ntawuruhunga, D., Ngowi, E. E., Mangi, H. O., Salanga, R. J., & Shikuku, K. M. (2023). Climate-smart agroforestry systems and practices: A systematic review of what works, what doesn’t work, and why. Forest Policy and Economics, 150, 102937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2023.102937
  • Nyasimi, M., Amwata, D., Hove, L., Kinyangi, J., & Wamukoya, G. (2014). Evidence of impact: climate-smart agriculture in Africa. CCAFS working paper.
  • Paul, C. J., & Weinthal, E. (2019). The development of Ethiopia’s climate resilient green economy 2011–2014: Implications for rural adaptation. Climate and Development, 11(3), 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2018.1442802
  • Powlson, D. S., Stirling, C. M., Jat, M. L., Gerard, B. G., Palm, C. A., Sanchez, P. A., & Cassman, K. G. (2014). Limited potential of no-till agriculture for climate change mitigation. Nature Climate Change, 4(8), 678–683. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2292
  • Regassa, S. (2001). Decision making on manure use and fallowing as soil fertility maintenance techniques in the northern highlands of Ethiopia: The case of Ankober District.
  • Shenkute, B., Hassen, A., Assafa, T., Amen, N., & Ebro, A. (2012). Identification and nutritive value of potential fodder trees and shrubs in the mid Rift Valley of Ethiopa.
  • Shonde, Y. (2017). Livelihood contributions of Moringa tree based agroforestry practices in Konso district, southern Ethiopia. Journal of Resources Development and Management, 36, 2422–8397.
  • Srivastava, R. K., & Srivastava, R. K. (2020). Urban agglomerates under climate change induced risk. Managing Urbanization, Climate Change and Disasters in South Asia, 199–250.
  • Tadesse, T., Dechassa, N., Bayu, W., & Gebeyehu, S. (2013). Effects of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizer application on soil physico-chemical properties and nutrient balance in rain-fed lowland rice ecosystem. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 04(2), 309–316. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.42041
  • Taylor, M. (2018). Climate-smart agriculture: What is it good for? The Journal of Peasant Studies, 45(1), 89–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2017.1312355
  • Tekeste, K. (2021). Climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices and its implications to food security in Siyadebrina Wayu District, Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 17(1), 92–103. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2020.15100
  • Teketay, D., & Tegineh, A. (1991). Shade trees of coffee in Harerge, Eastern Ethiopia. International Tree Crops Journal, 7(1–2), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/01435698.1991.9752899
  • Teklu, A., Simane, B., & Bezabih, M. (2022). Effectiveness of climate-smart agriculture innovations in smallholder agriculture system in Ethiopia. Sustainability, 14(23), 16143. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142316143
  • Tesfaye, G., Alamirew, T., Kebede, A., & Zeleke, G. (2018). Institutional functionality in participatory integrated watershed development of Tana sub-basin, Ethiopia. The Land, 7(4), 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/land7040130
  • Tesfaye, T., & Nayak, D. (2023). Climate change adaptation measures by farm households in Gedeo zone, Ethiopia: An application of multivariate analysis approach. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(4), 3183–3209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02185-x
  • Tewolde Berhan, S., Remberg, S. F., Abegaz, K., Narvhus, J., Abay, F., & Wicklund, T. (2013). Ferric reducing antioxidant power and total phenols in Cordia africana fruit. African Journal of Biochemistry Research, 7(11), 215–224. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBR2013.0692
  • Tilahun, H. (2023). Assessment on rearing and husbandry practices of indigenous goats in North Shewa Zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 51(1), 242–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2023.2185625
  • Tilahun, G., Bantider, A., & Yayeh, D. (2023). Synergies and trade-offs of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices selected by smallholder farmers in geshy watershed, Southwest Ethiopia. Regional Sustainability, 4(2), 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsus.2023.04.001
  • Tilahun, S. A., Guzman, C. D., Zegeye, A. D., Ayana, E. K., Collick, A. S., Yitaferu, B., & Steenhuis, T. S. (2014). Spatial and temporal patterns of soil erosion in the semi-humid Ethiopian highlands: A case study of Debre Mawi watershed. Nile River Basin: Ecohydrological Challenges, Climate Change and Hydropolitics, 149–163.
  • Tsegayea, W., Aredob, D., La Rovere, R., Mwangi, W., Mwabu, G., & Kassie, G. T. (2010). Adoption and Impact of Conservation Agriculture in Central Ethiopia: Application of Instrumental and Control Function Estimations.
  • Tsegaye, W., Aredo, D., La Rovere, R., Mwangi, W., Kassie, G. T., & Mwabu, G. (2015). Adoption and impact of conservation agriculture in central Ethiopia. CIMMYT.
  • Urgessa Waktola, T., Fekadu, K., & Okatan, V. (2021). Adoption of coffee shade agroforestry technology and shade tree management in gobu seyo district, east wollega, oromia. Advances in Agriculture, 2021, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8574214
  • Van Den Berg, M., & Ruben, R. (2006). Small-scale irrigation and income distribution in Ethiopia. The Journal of Development Studies, 42(5), 868–880. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380600742142
  • Warra, A. A., & Prasad, M. N. V. (2020). African perspective of chemical usage in agriculture and horticulture—their impact on human health and environment. In Agrochemicals detection, treatment and remediation (pp. 401–436). Elsevier.
  • Wassie, A., & Pauline, N. (2018). Evaluating smallholder farmers’ preferences for climate smart agricultural practices in Tehuledere District, northeastern Ethiopia. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 39(2), 300–316. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjtg.12240
  • Wekesa, B. M., Ayuya, O. I., & Lagat, J. K. (2018). Effect of climate-smart agricultural practices on household food security in smallholder production systems: Micro-level evidence from Kenya. Agriculture & Food Security, 7(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0230-0
  • Were, K., Gelaw, A. M., & Singh, B. R. (2016). Smart strategies for enhanced agricultural resilience and food security under a changing climate in sub-Saharan Africa. Climate Change and Multi-Dimensional Sustainability in African Agriculture: Climate Change and Sustainability in Agriculture, 431–453.
  • Westermann, O., Förch, W., Thornton, P., Körner, J., Cramer, L., & Campbell, B. (2018). Scaling up agricultural interventions: Case studies of climate-smart agriculture. Agricultural Systems, 165, 283–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.07.007
  • Williams, T. O., Mul, M. L., Cofie, O. O., Kinyangi, J., Zougmoré, R. B., Wamukoya, G., Nyasimi, M., Mapfumo, P., Speranza, C. I., & Amwata, D. (2015). Climate smart agriculture in the African context.
  • Yadessa, A., Itanna, F., & Olsson, M. (2009). Scattered trees as modifiers of agricultural landscapes: The role of waddeessa (Cordia africana Lam.) trees in Bako area, Oromia, Ethiopia. African Journal of Ecology, 47(s1), 78–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.01053.x
  • Yakob, G., Asfaw, Z., & Zewdie, S. (2014). Wood production and management of woody species in homegardens agroforestry: The case of smallholder farmers in Gimbo district, south west Ethiopia. International Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 2(10), 165–175.
  • Yebo, B. (2015). Integrated soil fertility management for better crop production in Ethiopia. International Journal of Soil Science, 10(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijss.2015.1.16
  • Zegeye, H. (2018). Climate change in Ethiopia: Impacts, mitigation and adaptation. International Journal of Research in Environmental Studies, 5(1), 18–35.
  • Zegeye, A. D., Langendoen, E. J., Stoof, C. R., Tilahun, S. A., Dagnew, D. C., Zimale, F. A., Guzman, C. D., Yitaferu, B., & Steenhuis, T. S. (2016). Morphological dynamics of gully systems in the subhumid Ethiopian Highlands: The Debre Mawi watershed. Soil, 2(3), 443–458. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-443-2016
  • Zerssa, G., Feyssa, D., Kim, D.-G., & Eichler-Löbermann, B. (2021). Challenges of smallholder farming in Ethiopia and opportunities by adopting climate-smart agriculture. Agriculture, 11(3), 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030192
  • Zomer, R. J., Neufeldt, H., Xu, J., Ahrends, A., Bossio, D., Trabucco, A., Van Noordwijk, M., & Wang, M. (2016). Global tree cover and biomass carbon on agricultural land: The contribution of agroforestry to global and national carbon budgets. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 29987. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep29987
  • Zougmoré, R., Partey, S., Ouédraogo, M., Omitoyin, B., Thomas, T., Ayantunde, A., Ericksen, P., Said, M., & Jalloh, A. (2016). Toward climate-smart agriculture in West Africa: A review of climate change impacts, adaptation strategies and policy developments for the livestock, fishery and crop production sectors. Agriculture & Food Security, 5(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-016-0075-3