Identifying contextually relevant lead exposures and risk practices/behaviors in Botswana and assessing caregiver lead knowledge levels

References

• Adebamowo, E. O., Agbede, O. A., Sridhar, M. K. C., & Adebamowo, C. A. (2006). An examination of knowledge, attitudes and practices related to lead exposure in South Western Nigeria. BMC Public Health, 6, 82. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-6-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry. (2020). Toxicology Profile for Lead. Retrieved from https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp13.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Asomugha, R. N., Udowelle, N. A., Offor, S. J., Njoku, C. J., Ofoma, I. V., Chukwuogor, C. C., & Orisakwe, O. E. (2016). Heavy metals hazards from Nigerian spices. Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny, 67(3), 309–11. Retrieved from. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27546329
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (CDC). Childhood Lead Poisoning. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/prevention/sources.htm
   Google Scholar
• Daley, G. M., Pretorius, C. J., & Ungerer, J. P. J. (2018). Lead Toxicity: An Australian perspective. The Clinical Biochemist Reviews, 39(4), 61–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Tribal lead curriculum lead awareness in Indian Country: Keeping our children healthy. https://www.epa.gov/lead/tribal-lead-curriculum
   Google Scholar
• Government of South Africa. (2009). Hazardous Substances Act (15/1973): Declaration of Leaded Paint as Group 1 Hazardous Substance (Gazette No. 32455—Notice 801). Africa Retrieved from http://goo.gl/FsOGqG
   Google Scholar
• Haman, T., Mathee, A., & Swart, A. (2015). Low levels of awareness of lead hazards among pregnant women in a high Risk—Johannesburg Neighbourhood. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health, 12(12), 15022–15027. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121214968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, C. M., Lee, P. A., Olkon, R., & Pirie, P. L. (2007). Messages from moms: Barriers to and facilitators of behavior change in a lead poisoning preventive education project. Journal of Health Communication, 12(8), 771–786. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730701672520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karri, S. K., Saper, R. B., & Kales, S. N. (2008). Lead encephalopathy due to traditional medicines. Current Drug Safety, 3(1), 54–59. https://doi.org/10.2174/157488608783333907
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kegler, M. C., & Malcoe, L. H. (2004). Results from a lay health advisor intervention to prevent lead poisoning among rural Native American children. American Journal of Public Health, 94(10), 1730–1735. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.94.10.1730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kootbodien, T., Mathee, A., Naicker, N., & Moodley, N. (2012). Heavy metal contamination in a school vegetable garden in Johannesburg. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 102(4), 226–227. Retrieved from. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22464503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanphear, B. P., Hornung, R., Ho, M., Howard, C. R., Eberly, S., & Knauf, K. (2002). Environmental lead exposure during early childhood. The Journal of Pediatrics, 140(1), 40–47. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2002.120513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lead Exposure Elimination Project. (2021). Study Results: Malawi and Botswana. Retrieved from https://leadelimination.org/study-results-malawi-and-botswana/
   Google Scholar
• Mathee, A. (2014). Towards the prevention of lead exposure in South Africa: Contemporary and emerging challenges. Neurotoxicology, 45, 220–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2014.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathee, A., Naicker, N., & Teare, J. (2015). Retrospective Investigation of a lead poisoning outbreak from the consumption of an ayurvedic medicine: Durban, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health, 12(7), 7804–7813. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120707804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathee, A., Rollin, H., Levin, J., & Naik, I. (2007). Lead in paint: Three decades later and still a hazard for African children? Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(3), 321–322. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathee, A., Street, R., Teare, J., & Naicker, N. (2020). Lead exposure in the home environment: An overview of risks from cottage industries in Africa. Neurotoxicology, 81, 34–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2020.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbongwe, B., Barnes, B., Tshabang, J., Zhai, M., Rajoram, S., Mpuchane, S., & Mathee, A. (2010). Exposure to lead among children aged 1-6 years in the City of Gaboron, Botswana. Journal of Environmental Health Research, 10(1), 10.
   Google Scholar
• McFarland, M. J., Hauer, M. E., & Reuben, A. (2021). Half of US population exposed to adverse lead levels in early childhood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(11), 119 (11)e2118631119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2118631119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta, S., & Binns, H. J. (1998). What do parents know about lead poisoning? The chicago lead knowledge test. Pediatric Practice Research Group. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 152(12), 1213–1218. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.152.12.1213
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mielke, H. W., & Reagan, P. L. (1998). Soil is an important pathway of human lead exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106 Suppl 1(suppl 1), 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.98106s1217
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Montgomery, M., & Mathee, A. (2005). A preliminary study of residential paint lead concentrations in Johannesburg. Environmental Research, 98(3), 279–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2004.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Needleman, H. L., Riess, J. A., Tobin, M. J., Biesecker, G. E., & Greenhouse, J. B. (1996). Bone lead levels and delinquent behavior. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 275(5), 363–369. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8569015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okatch, H., Ngwenya, B., Raletamo, K. M., & Andrae-Marobela, K. (2012). Determination of potentially toxic heavy metals in traditionally used medicinal plants for HIV/AIDS opportunistic infections in Ngamiland District in Northern Botswana. Analytica chimica acta, 730, 42–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2011.11.067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orisakwe, O. E., Igweze, Z. N., & Udowelle, N. A. (2019). Candy consumption may add to the body burden of lead and cadmium of children in Nigeria. Environmental Science & Pollution Research, 26(2), 1921–1931. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3706-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuben, A., Schaefer, J. D., Moffit, T. E., Broadbent, J., Harrington, H., Houts, R. M., Ramrakha, S., Poulton, R., & Caspi, A. (2019). Association of childhoold lead esposure with adult personality traits and lifelong mental health. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(4), 418–425. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie, H. (2022). How the world eliminated lead from gasoline. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/leaded-gasoline-phase-out
   Google Scholar
• Schultz, B., Pawel, D., & Murphy, A. (1999). A retrospective examination of in-home educational visits to reduce childhood lead levels. Environmental Research, 80(4), 364–368. https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.1998.3922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, J. (1994). Low-level lead exposure and children′s IQ: A Metaanalysis and Search for a Threshold. Environmental Research, 65(1), 42–55. https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.1994.1020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StataCorp. (2015). Stata Statistical Software: Release 14. StataCorp LP.
   Google Scholar
• Statista. (2021). Vaccination coverage of children in Botswana as of 2019, by type of vaccine. Retrieved from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1275970/vaccination-coverage-of-children-in-botswana/#:~:text=The%20vaccination%20rates%20in%20Botswana,different%20vaccines%20taken%20into%20consideration.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2002). WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002-2005. Retrieved from Geneva: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/67163/WHO_EDM_TRM_2002.1_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2015). Lead Exposure in African Children: Contemporary sources and concerns. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/200168/9780869707876.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2021a). Vaccination schedule for Botswana. Retrieved from: https://immunizationdata.who.int/pages/schedule-by-country/bwa.html?DISEASECODE=&TARGETPOP_GENERAL=
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2021b). Lead poisoning. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lead-poisoning-and-health
   Google Scholar
• Zhai, M., Kampunzu, H. A. B., Modisi, M., & Totolo, O. (2003). Distribution of heavy metals in Gaborone urban soils (Botswana) and its relationship to soil pollution and bedrock composition. Environmental Geology, 45(2), 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-003-0877-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler, E. E., Edwards, B. B., Jensen, R. L., Mahaffey, K. R., & Fomon, S. J. (1978). Absorption and retention of lead by infants. Pediatric Research, 12(1), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-197801000-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar