167
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

In‐Line Monitoring of Butyl Acrylate/Vinyl Acetate Emulsion Copolymerizations Using ATR–FTIR Spectroscopy

&
Pages 233-257 | Received 15 Aug 2002, Accepted 22 Jan 2003, Published online: 15 Feb 2007

References

  • Al‐Khanbashi , A. , Dhamdhere , M. and Hansen , M. 1998 . Application of in‐line fiber‐optic raman spectroscopy to monitoring emulsion polymerization reactions . Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. , 33 ( 1–2 ) : 115 – 131 .
  • Andrews , R. J. and Grulke , E. A. 1999 . “ Glass transition temperatures of polymers ” . In Polymer Handbook , 4th ed. Edited by: Brandrup , J. , Immergut , E. H. and Grulke , E. A. Vol. 6 , 193 – 277 . New York : John Wiley and Sons, Inc. .
  • ASTM D 4747–87 . 1995 . Standard test method for determining unreacted monomer content of latexes using gas‐liquid chromatography . Annu. Book ASTM Stand. , 06 ( 01 ) : 644 – 646 .
  • Bauer , C. , Amram , B. , Agnely , M. , Charmot , D. , Sawatzki , J. , Dupuy , N. and Huvenne , J.‐P. 2000 . On‐line monitoring of a latex emulsion polymerization by fiber‐optic FT‐raman spectroscopy. Part I . Calibration. Appl. Spectrosc. , 54 ( 4 ) : 528 – 535 .
  • Blackley , D. C. 1997 . Polymer Latices , 2nd ed. Vol 2 , 334 – 353 . London : Chapman & Hall .
  • Bortolotti , M. and Viola , G. T. 1996 . Monitoring polymerization process: UV spectrophotometry as a practical tool . Polym. Prep. , 37 ( 2 ) : 718 – 719 .
  • Bradley , J. R. and Long , T. E. 1999 . Polyester chemistry: from soft drink bottles to polymeric liquid crystals . Polym. Prep. , 40 ( 1 ) : 564 – 566 .
  • Canegallo , S. , Apostolo , M. , Storti , G. and Morbidelli , M. 1995 . On‐line conversion monitoring through ultrasound propagation velocity measurements in emulsion polymerization . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 57 ( 11 ) : 1333 – 1346 .
  • Chatzi , E. G. , Kammona , O. and Kiparissides , C. 1997 . Use of a midrange infrared optical‐fiber probe for the on‐line monitoring of 2‐ethylhexyl acrylate/styrene emulsion copolymerization . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 63 ( 6 ) : 799 – 809 .
  • Chatzi , E. G. , Kammona , O. , Kentepozidou , A. and Kiparissides , C. 1997 . Infrared spectra and compositional analysis of styrene/2‐ethylhexyl acrylate copolymers . Macromol. Chem. Phys. , 198 : 2409 – 2420 .
  • Cherfi , A. and Fevotte , G. 2002 . On‐line conversion monitoring of the solution polymerization of methyl methcacrylate using near‐infrared spectroscopy . Macromol. Chem. Phys. , 203 ( 9 ) : 1188 – 1194 .
  • Cherfi , A. , Fevotte , G. and Novat , C. 2002 . Robust on‐line measurement of conversion and molecular weight using NIR spectroscopy during solution polymerization . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 85 ( 12 ) : 2510 – 2520 .
  • Chien , D. C.H. and Penlidis , A. 1990 . On‐line sensors for polymerization reactors . J. Macromol. Sci., Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. , 1 : 1 – 42 .
  • Dallin , P. 1997 . NIR analysis in polymer reactions . Proc. Control Qual. , 9 ( 4 ) : 167 – 172 .
  • de Buruaga , I. S. , Echevarria , A. , Armitage , P. D. , de la Cal , J. C. , Leiza , J. R. and Asua , J. M. 1997 . On‐line control of a semibatch emulsion polymerization reactor based on calorimetry . AICHE J. , 43 ( 4 ) : 1069 – 1081 .
  • De Clercq , B. , Smellinckx , T. , Hugelier , C. , Maes , N. and Verpoort , F. 2001 . Monitoring of the polymerization of norbornene by in‐line fiber‐optic near IR‐FT raman . Appl. Spectrosc. , 55 ( 11 ) : 1564 – 1567 .
  • Dubé , M. A. and Penlidis , A. 1995 . Systematic approach to the study of multicomponent polymerization kinetics‐ the butyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate/vinyl acetate example: 1. Bulk Copolymerization . Polym. , 36 ( 3 ) : 587 – 598 .
  • Dubé , M. A. and Penlidis , A. 1995 . A systematic approach to the study of multicomponent polymerization kinetics: the butyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate/vinyl acetate example. 2. Bulk (and solution) terpolymerization . Macromol. Chem. Phys. , 196 ( 4 ) : 1101 – 1113 .
  • Dubé , M. A. and Penlidis , A. 1995 . Systematic approach to the study of multicomponent polymerization kinetics: butyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate/vinyl acetate. III. Emulsion homopolymerization and copolymerization in a pilot plant reactor . Polym. Int. , 37 : 235 – 248 .
  • Egret , H. , Dimonie , V. L. , Sudol , D. E. , Klein , A. and El‐Aasser , M. S. 2001 . Characterization of grafting in the emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate using poly(vinyl alcohol) as stabilizer . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 82 : 1739 – 1747 .
  • El‐Aasser , M. S. and Vanderhoff , J. W. 1980 . Emulsion Polymerization of Vinyl Acetate London : Applied Science Publishers .
  • Full , A. P. , Puig , J. , Gron , L. and Kaler , E. 1995 . Polymerization of tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate in three‐component anionic microemulsions . Macromolecules , 25 ( 20 ) : 5157 – 5164 .
  • German , A. L. , Manders , B. G. , Zirkzee , H. F. , Klumperman , B. and van Herk , A. M. 1996 . Local monomer concentrations in emulsion polymerization . Macromol. Symp. , 111 : 102 – 107 .
  • Gilmore , C. M. , Poehlein , G. W. and Schork , F. J. 1993 . Modeling poly(vinyl alcohol)‐stabilized vinyl acetate emulsion polymerization. I . Theory J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 48 : 1449 – 1460 .
  • Hergeth , W. D. 1997 . “ On‐line characterization methods ” . In Polymeric Dispersions: Principles and Applications Edited by: Asua , J. M. 267 – 288 . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
  • Hua , H. and Dubé , M. A. 2001 . Off‐line monitoring of butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate homo‐and copolymerizations in toluene using ATR–FTIR spectroscopy . Polymer , 42 ( 14 ) : 6009 – 6018 .
  • Hua , H. and Dubé , M. A. 2001 . Terpolymerization monitoring with ATR–FTIR spectroscopy . J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. , 39 : 1860 – 1876 .
  • Hua , H. and Dubé , M. A. 2002 . In‐line monitoring of emulsion homo‐and copolymerizations using ATR–FTIR spectrometry . Polym. React. Eng. , 10 ( 1–2 ) : 21 – 40 .
  • Jovanović , R. and Dubé , M. A. 2001 . Off‐line monitoring of butyl acrylate and vinyl acetate homo‐and copolymerization in toluene . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 82 ( 12 ) : 2958 – 2977 .
  • Kammona , O. , Chatzi , E. G. and Kiparissides , C. 1999 . Recent developments in hardware sensors for the on‐line monitoring of polymerization reactions . J. Macromol. Sci., Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. , C39 ( 1 ) : 57 – 134 .
  • Kemmere , M. F. , Meuldijk , J. , Drinkenburg , A. A.H. and German , A. L. 2001 . Emulsification in batch‐emulsion polymerization of styrene and vinyl acetate: a reaction calorimetric study . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 79 : 944 – 957 .
  • Kim , Y. S. and Sung , C. S.P. 1995 . UV and fluorescence characterization of styrene and methyl methacrylate polymerization . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 57 ( 3 ) : 363 – 370 .
  • Lousberg , H. H.A. , Boelens , H. F.M. , Le Comte , E. P. , Hoefsloot , H. C.J. and Smilde , A. K. 2002 . On‐line determination of the conversion in a styrene bulk polymerization batch reactor using near‐infrared spectroscopy . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 84 ( 1 ) : 90 – 98 .
  • Matsumoto , A. , Otaka , T. and Aota , H. 2001 . In‐situ kinetic pursuit of emulsion crosslinking copolymerizations of monomethacrylate and dimethacrylate by means of reactIR . Macromol. Rapid Commun. , 22 : 607 – 610 .
  • McKenna , F. T. , Fevotte , G. , Graillat , C. and Guillot , J. 1996 . Joint use of calorimetry, densimetry and mathematical modelling for multiple component polymerizations . Chem. Eng. Res. Des. , 74 ( A3 ) : 340 – 348 .
  • Mikes , F. , Gonzalez‐Benito , J. and Baselga , J. 2001 . Monitoring of curing process by fluorescence technique. Fluorescence probe and label based on 5‐dimethylaminonaphthalene‐1‐sulfonamide derivatives (DNS) . J. Macromol. Sci., Phys. , 40B ( 3–4 ) : 405 – 428 .
  • Okaya , T. , Suzuki , A. and Kikuchi , K. 1999 . Importance of grafting in the emulsion polymerization of MMA using PVA as a protective colloid. Effect of initiator. . Colloids Surf., A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. , 153 : 123 – 125 .
  • Othman , N. , Févotte , G. and McKenna , T. F. 2001 . On‐line monitoring of emulsion polymerization processes . Polym. React. Eng. , 9 ( 4 ) : 271 – 296 .
  • Pasquale , A. J. and Long , T. E. 1999 . Real‐time of the stable free radical polymerization of styrene via in‐situ mid‐infrared spectroscopy . Macromolecules , 32 : 7954 – 7957 .
  • Pasquale , A. J. , Allen , R. D. and Long , T. E. 2001 . Fundamental investigations of the free radical copolymerization and terpolymerization of maleic anhydride, norbornene, and norbornene tert‐butyl ester: in‐situ mid‐infrared spectroscopic analysis . Macromolecules , 34 ( 23 ) : 8064 – 8071 .
  • Pollard , D. J. , Buccino , R. , Connors , N. C. , Kirschner , T. F. , Olewinski , R. C. , Saini , K. and Salmon , P. M. 2001 . Real‐time analytic monitoring of a fungal fermentation, at a pilot scale, using in situ mid‐infrared spectroscopy . Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. , 24 : 13 – 24 .
  • Stavropoulos , Y. , Kammona , O. , Chatzi , E. G. and Kiparissides , C. 2001 . Multivariate statistical analysis of mid‐infrared spectra for online monitoring of 2‐ethylhexyl acrylate/styrene emulsion copolymerization . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 82 ( 7 ) : 1776 – 1787 .
  • Storey , R. F. , Donnalley , A. B. and Maggio , T. L. 1998 . Real‐time monitoring of carbocationic polymerization of isobutylene using in situ FTIR‐ATR spectroscopy with conduit and diamond‐composite sensor technology . Macromolecules , 31 : 1523 – 1526 .
  • Storti , G. , Hipp , A. K. and Morbidelli , M. 2000 . Monitoring latex reactors by ultrasonics . Polym. React. Eng. , 8 ( 1 ) : 77 – 94 .
  • Urretabizkaia , A. , Sudol , D. E. , El‐Aasser , M. S. and Asua , J. M. 1993 . Calorimetric monitoring of emulsion copolymerization reactions . J. Polym. Sci., Part A, Polym. Chem. , 31 : 2907 – 2913 .
  • Urretabizkaia , A. , Leiza , J. R. and Asua , J. M. 1994 . On‐line terpolymer composition control in semicontinuous emulsion polymerization . AIChE J. , 40 : 1850 – 1864 .
  • Van den Brink , M. , Pepers , M. , Van Herk , A. M. and German , A. L. 2000 . Emulsion (Co) polymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate monitored by on‐line raman spectroscopy . Macromol. Symp. , 150 : 121 – 126 .
  • Van den Brink , M. , Pepers , M. , Van Herk , A. M. and German , A. L. 2001 . On‐line monitoring and composition control of the emulsion copolymerization of veoVa 9 and butyl acrylate by raman spectroscopy . Polym. React. Eng. , 9 ( 2 ) : 101 – 133 .
  • Vatanparast , R. , Li , S. , Hakala , K. and Lemmetyinen , H. 2002 . Thermal cure monitoring of phenolic resole resins based on in situ fluorescence technique . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 83 ( 8 ) : 1773 – 1780 .
  • Vega , J. R. , Gugliotta , L. M. and Meira , G. R. 2002 . Emulsion copolymerization of acrylonitrile and butadiene. Semibatch strategies for controlling molecular structure on the basis of calorimetric measurements . Polym. React. Eng. , 10 ( 1–2 ) : 59 – 82 .
  • Vieira , R. A.M. , Sayer , C. , Lima , E. L. and Pinto , J. C. 2002 . Closed‐loop composition and molecular weight control of a copolymer latex using near‐infrared spectroscopy . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 41 : 2915 – 2930 .
  • Vieira , R. A.M. , Sayer , C. , Lima , E. L. and Pinto , J. C. 2002 . In‐line and in situ monitoring of semi‐batch emulsion copolymerization using near‐infrared spectroscopy . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 84 ( 14 ) : 2670 – 2682 .
  • Wu , C. , Danielson , J. D.S. , Callis , J. B. , Eaton , M. and Ricker , N. L. 1996 . Remote in‐line monitoring of emulsion polymerization of styrene by short‐wavelength near‐infrared spectroscopy. Part I. Performance during normal runs . Proc. Control Qual. , 8 ( 1 ) : 1 – 23 .
  • Yamazoe , H. , Zetterland , P. B. , Yamada , B. , Hill , D. J.T. and Pomery , P. J. 2001 . Free‐radical bulk polymerization of styrene: ESR and near‐infrared spectroscopic study of the entire conversion range . Macromol. Chem. Phys. , 202 ( 6 ) : 824 – 829 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.