Modelling and Simulation of Complex Aspects of Multicomponent Emulsion Polymerization

References

• Araujo , O. , Giudici , R. , Saldivar , E. and Ray , W. H. 2001 . Modeling and experimental studies of emulsion copolymerization systems. I. Experimental results . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 79 : 2360 – 2379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage , P. D. , De La Cal , J. and Asua , J. M. 1994 . Improved methods for solving monomer partitioning in emulsion copolymer systems . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 51 : 1985 – 1990 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arzamendi , G. and Asua , J. M. 1989 . Monomer addition policies for copolymer composition control in semicontinuous emulsion copolymerization . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 38 : 2019 – 2036 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asua , J. M. , Sudol , E. D. and El‐Aasser , M. S. 1989 . Radical desorption in emulsion polymerization . J. Polym. Sci., Chem. , 27 : 3903 – 3913 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barclay , B. 2002 . “ Modelling and simulation of complex aspects of multicomponent free‐radical emulsion polymerization ” . In MASc thesis University of Waterloo .
   Google Scholar
• Barudio , I. , Guillot , J. and Fevotte , G. 1997 . Efficiency of mercaptan chain transfer agents in emulsion copolymerizations. I. Influence on kinetics and microstructure. Modeling of radical desorption . J. Polym. Sci., Chem. , 36 : 157 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks , B. W. and Wang , J. 1993 . Kinetics of seeded emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate with no added emulsifier . Polymer , 34 : 119 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canegallo , S. , Storti , G. , Morbidelli , M. and Carra , S. 1993 . Densimetry for on‐line conversion monitoring in emlsion homo‐ and copolymerization . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 47 : 961 – 979 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen‐Chong , L. , Hwar‐Ching , K. and Wen‐Yen , C. 1981 . Simulation model for the emulsion copolymerization of acrylonitrile and styrene in azeotropic composition . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 26 : 1327 – 1342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu , W. , Lai , S. , Chen , L. and Chen , C. 1991 . Particle size distribution and molecular size distribution of polymers in soap‐free emulsion polymerization of styrene . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 42 : 2787 – 2793 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrastova , V. , Durackova , S. , Mrenica , J. and Cernakova , L. 1999 . Emulsifier and initiator effects on the emulsion copolymerization of styrene with butyl acrylate . Chem. Pap. , 2 : 140 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Coen , E. M. , Gilbert , R. G. , Morrison , B. R. , Leube , H. and Peach , S. 1998 . Modelling particle size distributions and secondary particle formation in emulsion polymerisation . Polymer , 39 ( 26 ) : 7099 – 7112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz , M. A. , Palacios , J. , Garcia Rejon , A. , Ruiz , L. M. and Rios , L. 1985 . Copolymerisation en emulsion styrene‐acrylate de butyl en reacteur ferme . Macromol. Chem. Suppl. , 10/11 : 87 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Delgado , J. , El‐Aasser , M. S. , Cesar , A. S. and Vanderhoff , J. W. 1990 . Miniemulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate. IV. Kinetics of the copolymerization . J. Polym. Sci., Chem. , 28 ( 4 ) : 777 – 794 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desroches , T. 1990 . “ Etude cinetique et colloidale de la polymerisation en emulsion de l'acrylate d'ethyl‐2 hexyle ” . In Ph.D. thesis l'Universite Claude Bernard‐Lyon I .
   Google Scholar
• Dimitratos , J. , El‐Aasser , M. S. , Georgakis , C. and Klein , A. 1990 . Pseudosteady states in semicontinuous emulsion copolymerization . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 40 : 1005 – 1021 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djekhaba , S. , Graillat , C. and Guillot , J. 1988 . Copolymerisation en emulsion acrylate d'ethyle‐styrene‐1. Etude cinetique en reacteur ferme (batch) . Eur. Polym. J. , 24 ( 2 ) : 109 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Dube , M. A. and Penlidis , A. 1995a . A systematic approach to the study of multicomponent polymerization kinetics—the butyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate/vinyl acetate example: 1. Bulk copolymerization . Polymer , 36 ( 3 ) : 587 – 598 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dube , M. A. and Penlidis , A. 1995b . A systematic approach to the study of multicomponent polymerization kinetics: butyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate/vinyl acetate. III. Emulsion homopolymerization and copolymerization in a pilot plant reactor . Polym. Int. , 37 : 235 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dube , M. A. , Penlidis , A. and O'Driscoll , K. 1990 . A kinetic investigation of styrene/butyl acrylate copolymerization . Can. J. Chem. Eng. , 68 : 974 – 987 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dube , M. A. , Penlidis , A. P. , Mutha , R. K. and Cluett , W. R. 1996 . Mathematical modeling of emulsion copolymerization of acrylonitrile/butadiene . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 35 : 4434 – 4448 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forcada , J. and Asua , J. M. 1990 . Modeling of unseeded emulsion copolymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate . J. Polym. Sci. , : 897 – 1009 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forcada , J. and Asua , J. M. 1991 . Emulsion copolymerizatoin of styrene and methyl methacrylate. II. Molecular weights . J. Polym. Sci., Chem. , 29 : 1231 – 1242 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao , J. and Penlidis , A. 1996 . Comprehensive simulator/database package for review‐radical copolymerizations . J. Macromol. Sci., Rev. , 36 ( 2 ) : 199 – 404 .
   Google Scholar
• Gao , J. and Penlidis , A. 1998 . Comprehensive simulator/database package for reviewing free‐radical copolymerizations . J. Macromol. Sci., Rev. , 38 ( 4 ) : 651 – 780 .
   Google Scholar
• Gao , J. and Penlidis , A. 2002 . Mathematical modeling and computer simulator/database for emulsion copolymerizations . Prog. Polym. Sci. , 27 : 403 – 535 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerrens , H. 1964 . Kinetik der emulsionspolymerisation bei technisch wichtigen monomeren . Dechema.‐Monogr. , 49 : 53 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Gianetti , E. 1989 . Emulsion polymerizations. 3. Theory of emulsion copolymerization kinetics . Macromolecules , 22 : 2094 – 2102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillot , J. 1985 . Some thermodynamic aspects in emulsion copolymerization . Makromol. Chem., Suppl. , 10/11 : 235 – 264 .
   Google Scholar
• Hamielec , A. E. , Macgregor , J. F. and Penlidis , A. P. 1983 . “ Modelling copolymerizations—control of composition, chain microstructure, molecular weight distribution, long chain branching and crosslinking ” . In Polymer Reaction Engineering Edited by: Reichert , K. H. and Geiseler , W. 21 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , F. K. and Ugelstad , J. 1978 . Particle nucleation in emulsion polymerization. 1. A theory for homogeneous nucleation . J. Polym. Sci., Chem. , 16 : 1953 – 1979 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harada , M. , Nomura , M. , Kojima , H. , Eguchi , W. and Nagata , S. 1972 . Rate of emulsion polymerization of styrene . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 16 : 811 – 833 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hearn , J. , Wilkinson , M. C. , Goodall , A. R. and Chainey , M. 1985 . Kinetics of the surfactant‐free emulsion polymerization of styrene:—the post nucleation stage . J. Polym. Sci., A , 23 : 1869 – 1883 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heatley , F. , Lovell , P. A. and Yamashita , T. 2001 . Chain transfer to polymer in free‐radical solution polymerization of 2‐ethylhexyl acrylate studied by NMR spectroscopy . Macromolecules , 34 : 7636 – 7641 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrera‐Ordonez , J. and Olayo , R. 2001 . Methyl methacrylate emulsion polymerization at low monomer concentration: kinetic modeling of nucleation, particle size distribution, and rate of polymerization . J. Polym. Sci., A , 39 : 2547 – 2556 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman , E. J. 1984 . “ Emulsion polymerization of styrene‐acrylonitrile ” . In MASc thesis University of Waterloo .
   Google Scholar
• Kikuta , T. and Omi , S. 1975 . Rate of emulsion copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile . J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. , 9 ( 1 ) : 64 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Kong , X. Z. , Pichot , C. and Guillot , J. 1988 . Kinetics of emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate . Eur. Polym. J. , 24 ( 5 ) : 485 – 492 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn , I. and Tauer , K. 1995 . Nucleation in emulsion polymerization: a new experimental study. 1. Surfactant‐free emulsion polymerization of styrene . Macromolecules , 28 : 8122 – 8128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichti , G. , Gilbert , R. G. and Napper , D. H. 1977 . The growth of polymer colloids . J. Polym. Sci., A , 15 : 1957 – 1971 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichti , G. , Hawkett , B. S. , Gilbert , R. G. , Napper , D. H. and Sangster , D. F. 1981 . Styrene emulsion polymerization: particle size distribution . J. Polym. Sci., A , 19 : 925 – 938 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichti , G. , Gilbert , R. G. and Napper , D. H. 1983 . The mechanisms of latex particle formation and growth in the emuslion polymerization of styrene using the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate . J. Polym. Sci., A , 21 : 269 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , C. , Ku , H. and Chiu , W. 1981 . Simulation model for the emulsion copolymerization of acrylonitrile and styrene in azeotropic composition . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 26 : 1327 – 1342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loncar , F. V. 1985 . “ Analysis, kinetics and alkali‐swellability of carboxylated latexes ” . In Ph.D. thesis Legigh University .
   Google Scholar
• McManus , N. T. and Penlidis , A. 1996 . A kinetic investigation of styrene/ethyl acrylate copolymerization . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 34 : 237 – 248 .
   Google Scholar
• Nomura , M. , Yamamono , K. , Horie , I. and Fujita , K. 1982 . Kinetics of emulsion copolymerization. II. Effect of free radical desorption on the rate of emulsion copolymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 28 : 2767 – 2776 .
   Google Scholar
• Nomura , M. , Satpathy , U. S. , Koun , Y. and Fujita , K. 1988 . Investigation on the locus of particle formation in emulsion polymerization containing partially water soluble monomers . J. Polym. Sci. Lett. , 26 : 385 – 390 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveres , M. , Alonso , M. , Recasens , F. and Puigjaner , L. 1987 . Modelling and simulation of styrene‐acrylonitrile emulsion polymerization kinetics . Chem. Eng. J. , 34 : 1 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozdeger , E. , Sudol , E. D. , l‐Aasser , M. S. and Klein , A. 1997 . Role of the nonionic surfactant triton X‐405 in emulsion polymerization. III. Copolymerization of styrene and n‐butyl acrylate . J. Polym. Sci., Chem. , 35 : 2846 – 3837 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penlidis , A. , Macgregor , J. F. and Hamielec , A. E. 1985 . A theoretical and experimental investigation of the batch emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate . Polym. Process Eng. , 35 : 185 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Penlidis , A. , Hamielec , A. E. and Macgregor , J. F. 1986 . Mathematical modeling of emulsion polymerization reactors: a population balance and its applications . ACS , 313 : 219 – 240 .
   Google Scholar
• Plessis , C. , Arzamendi , G. , Alberdi , J. M. , Agnely , M. , Leiza , J. R. and Asua , J. M. 2001 . Intramolecular chain transfer to polymer in the emulsion polymerization of 2‐ethylhexyl acrylate . Macromolecules , 34 : 6138 – 6143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , J. R. , Congalidis , J. P. and Gilbert , R. G. 1989 . Mathematical modeling of emulsion copolymerization reactors . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 37 : 2727 – 2756 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sajjadi , S. and Brooks , B. W. 2000a . Semibatch emulsion polymerization reactors: polybutyl acrylate case study . Chem. Eng. Sci. , 55 : 4757 – 4781 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sajjadi , S. and Brooks , B. W. 2000b . Unseeded semibatch emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate: bimodal particle size distribution . J. Polym. Sci., A , 38 : 528 – 545 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sajjadi , S. and Brooks , B. W. 2001 . Semibatch emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate. II. Effects of emuslifier distribution . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 79 : 582 – 597 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saldivar , E. and Ray , W. H. 1997 . Mathematical modeling of emulsion copolymerization reactors: experimental validation and application to complex systems . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 36 : 1322 – 1336 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saldivar , E. , Dafniotis , P. and Ray , W. H. 1998 . Mathematical modeling of emulsion copolymerization reactors. I. Model formulation and application to reactors operating with micellar nucleation . J.M.S. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. , C38 ( 2 ) : 207 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saldivar , E. , Araujo , O. , Giudici , R. and Lopez‐Barron , C. 2001 . Modeling and experimental studies of emulsion copolymerization systems. II. Styrenics . J. Appl. Polym. , : 2380 – 2397 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayer , C. , Lima , E. L. , Pinto , J. C. , Arzamendi , G. and Asua , J. M. 2000 . Kinetics of the seeded semicontinuous emulsion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate . J. Polym. Sci., Chem. , 38 ( 2 ) : 367 – 375 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoonbrood , H. A.S. , Henk , A. T. , Brouns , H. M.G. , Peters , M. and German , A. L. 1993 . Semicontinuous emulsion copolymerization to obtain styrene‐methyl acrylate copolymers with predetermined chemical composition distributions . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 49 : 2029 – 2040 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoonbrood , H. A.S. , German , A. L. and Gilbert , R. G. 1995 . Rate‐determining kinetic mechanisms in the seeded emulsion copolymerization of styrene and methyl acrylate . Macromolecules , 28 ( 1 ) : 34 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song , Z. and Poehlein , G. W. 1988 . Particle formation in emulsion polymerization: transient particle concentration . J. Macromol. Sci., Chem. , A25 ( 4 ) : 403 – 443 .
   Google Scholar
• Song , Z. and Poehlein , G. W. 1990 . Kinetics of emulsifier‐free emulsion polymerization . J. Polym. Sci., A , 28 : 2359 – 2392 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storti , G. and Morbidelli , M. 1989 . Computer applications in applied polymer science II . : 79 – 402 .
   Google Scholar
• Tauer , K. , Deckwer , R. , Kuhn , I. and Schellenberg , C. 1999 . A comprehensive experimental study of surfactant‐free emulsion polymerization of styrene . Colloid Polym. Sci. , 277 : 607 – 626 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urretabizkaia , A. , Sudol , E. D. , El‐Aasser , S. and Asua , J. M. 1993 . Calorimetric monitoring of emulsion copolymerization reactions . J. Polym. Sci., Chem. , 31 : 2907 – 2913 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Den Boomen , F. H.A.M. 1997 . “ Composition control in emulsion copolymerization ” . In Ph.D. thesis Technische Universiteit Eindhoven .
   Google Scholar
• Van Doremaele , G. H.J. , Geerts , F. H.J.M. , Schoonbrood , H. A.S. , Kurja , J. and German , A. L. 1992a . Effect of composition drift on emulsion copolymerization rate . Polymer , 33 ( 9 ) : 1914 – 1921 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Doremaele , G. H.J. , Schoonbrood , H. A.S. , Kurja , J. and German , A. L. 1992b . Copolymer composition control by means of semicontinuous emulsion copolymerization . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 45 : 957 – 966 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdurmen‐Noel , E. F.J. 1994 . “ Monomer partitioning and composition drift in emulsion copolymerization ” . In Ph.D. thesis Technische Universiteit Eindhoven .
   Google Scholar
• Xiang , L. , Nomura , M. and Fujita , K. 1997 . Thermodynamic correlation of partial and saturation swelling of styrene‐acrylonitrile copolymer particles by styrene and acrylonitrile monomers . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 64 : 931 – 939 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmt , W. S. 1959 . The emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 1 : 323 – 328 .
   Google Scholar