79
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

IFHTSE Global 21: heat treatment and surface engineering in the twenty-first century
Active screen plasma nitriding and nitrocarburising of steels: an overview

, , &

References

  • Lebrun J.-P: ‘Industrial developments of plasma nitriding’, Proc. 10th Int. Congr. IFHTSE 1996, Brighton, UK, 1996, IFHTSE, 169–194.
  • Liliental WK, Maldzinski L, Tarfa TN and Tymowski GJ: ‘Frequently encouterd nitriding problems, with special emphasis on hot work tool steels’, Proc. 12th Int. Congr. IFHTSE, Melbourne, Australia, 2000, IFHTSE, Vol. 3, 219–227.
  • Wilhelmi H, Strämke S and Pohl H: ‘Nitrieren mit gepulster Glimmentladung’, HTM, 1982, 37, 263–269
  • Czerwiec T, Michel H and Bergmann E: ‘Low-pressure, high density plasma nitriding: mechanisms, technology and results’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 1998, 108–109, 182–190.
  • Belmonte T, Czerwiec T and Michel H: ‘Fundamentals and applications of late post-discharge processes’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2001, 142–144, 306–313.
  • Georges J: ‘TC plasma nitriding’, Proc. 12th Congr. IFHTSE, Melbourne, Australia, 2000, IFHTSE, 229–235; vgl. auch: Georges, J. US Patent 5,989,363, 1999 and Heat Treat Metals, 2001, 28, 33–37.
  • Helix MJ, Vaidyanathan KV, Steetman BG, Dietrich HB and Chatterjee PK: ‘R. F. plasmadeposition of silicon nitride layers’, Thin solid Films, 1978, 55, 143–148.
  • Ricard A, Pilorget H, Michel H and Gantois M: Fr. Patent Appl. 87 10698, 1987; Eur. Patent, Appl. 88 4019 506, 1988.
  • Ricard A, Oseguera-Pena JE, Michel H and Gantois M: ‘Excited states of plasmas for steel surface nitriding’, Proc. 1st. Int. Conf. on Plasma Surf. Eng. Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1988, DGM-Inform. Oberursel, 1989, 83–90.
  • Hubbard P, Dowey SJ, Partridge JG, Doyle ED, McCulloch DG and Taylor MB: ‘Investigation of nitrogen mass transfer within an industrial plasma nitriding system I: the role of surface deposits and II: application of a biased screen’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2010, 204, 1145–1157.
  • Li CX and Bell T: ‘Potential of plasma nitriding of polymer for improved hardness and wear resistance’, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2005, 168, 219–224.
  • Kauling AP, Soares GV, Figueroa CA, de Oliveira RVB and Baumvol IJR: ‘Polypropylene surface modifikationby active screen plasma nitriding’, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2009, C29, 363–366.
  • Kölbel J: ‘ie Nitridschichtbildung bei der Glimmentladung. Forschungsbericht des Landes NRW, Nr. 1555; Westdeutscher Verlag, Köln, 1965.
  • Hudis M: ‘Study of ion-nitriding’, J. Appl. Phys., 1973, 44, 1489–1496.
  • Tibbetts GG: ‘Role of nitrogen atoms in ion-nitriding’, J. Appl. Phys., 1974, 45, 5072–5073.
  • Szabo A and Wilhelmi H: ‘Zum Mechanismus der Nitrierung von Stahloberflächen in Gleichspannungsglimmentladungen’, HTM, 1984, 39, 148–151.
  • Avni R and Spalvins T: ‘Nitriding mechanisms in Ar-N2, Ar-N2-H2 and Ar-NH3 mixtures in D.C. glow discharges at low pressures’, Mater. Sci. Eng., 1987, 95, 237–246.
  • Arzamasov BN and Panayoti TA: ‘Ionic composition of the cathode area at ion nitriding’, Proc. 11th Congr. IFHTSE, Florence, Italy, 1998, 1, 311–319.
  • Michel H, Czerwiec T, Gantois M, Ablitzer D and Ricard A: ‘Progress in the analysis of the mechanisms of ion nitriding’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 1995, 72, 103–111.
  • Walkowicz J: ‘On the mechanisms of diode plasma nitriding in H2-N2 mixtures under DC-pulsed substrate biasing’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2003, 174–175, 2111–2119.
  • Strutt RJ: ‘A chemical active modification of nitrogen,produced by the electric discharge’, Proc. Roy. Soc., 1911, 85, 219–229.
  • Aktiver Stickstoff NN: ‘Gmelins Handbuch der Anorg’, Chem. 8.Aufl., 257–282; 1936, Berlin, Verlag Chemie GmbH.
  • Marchand JL, Ablitzer D, Michel H and Gantois M: ‘Plasma nitriding: an analysis of physico-chemical mechanisms at the plasma/solid interphase’, Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on ‘Ion Nitrid./Carbur.’, Cincinnati, OH, USA, September 1989, 67–74.
  • Ricard A, Oseguera-Pena JE, Falk L, Michel H and Gantois M: ‘Active species in microwave postdicharge for steel–surface nitriding’, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 1990, 18, 940–944.
  • Ertl G, Lee SB and Weiss M: ‘Kinetics of nitrogen adsorption on Fe(111)’, Surf. Sci., 1982, 114, 515–526.
  • Li CX and Bell T: ‘Principles, mechanisms and applications of active screen plasma nitriding’, Heat Treat Met., 2003, 30, 1–7.
  • Li CX: ‘Active screen plasma nitriding – an overview’, Surf. Eng., 2010, 26, 135–141.
  • Saeed A and Kahn AW: ‘Validity of ‘sputtering and re-condensation’ model in active screen cage plasma nitriding process’, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2013, 273, 173–178.
  • Spies H.-J, Le Thien H and Biermann H: ‘Verhalten von Stählen beim Plasmanitrieren mit einem Aktivgitter’, HTM, 2005, 60, 240–247.
  • Burlacov I, Spies H.-J, Biermann H, Köhler S and Börner K: ‘Untersuchungen zum Plasmanitrieren von Stählen mit einem Aktivgitter’, HTM, 2011, 66, 127–134.
  • Börner K, Spies H.-J, Burlacov I and Biermann H: ‘Kontrolliertes Plasmanitrieren von Stählen mit einem Aktivgitter’, HTM, 2013, 68, 124–132.
  • Eckstein Ch, Spies H.-J, Biermann H and Franke A: ‘Untersuchung des Korrosionsverhaltens von nichtrostenden Stählen nach einer thermochemischen Behandlung bei tiefen Temperaturen’, HTM, 2008, 63, 342–350.
  • Hamann S, Börner K, Burlacov I, Hübner M, Spies H.-J and Röpcke J: ‘Spectroscopic studies of conventional and active screen N2-H2 plasma nitriding processes with admixtures of CH4 and CO2’, Plasma Sour. Sci. Technol., 2013, 22, 055022.
  • Ricard A: ‘Spectroscopy of flowing discharges and post-discharges in reactive gases’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 1993, 59, 67–76.
  • Berg H.-J, Zimdars H, Spies H.-J: ‘Einsatz von Sauerstoffmesszellen beim Plasmanitrieren’, Vakuum Forsch. Praxis, 2005, 17, 30–34.
  • Spies H.-J, Reinhold B and Berg H.-J: ‘Einfluss von Sauerstoff beim Plasmanitrieren’, HTM, 2007, 62, 13–18.
  • Ruset C and Grigore E: ‘Some observations on structure of compound layer produced on steels by plasma nitrocarburising’, Surf. Eng., 2010, 26, 61–66.
  • Floe CF: ‘A study on the nitriding process effect of ammonia dissociation on case depth and structure’, Reprint from Trans. ASM, 1944, 32, Unterweiser, P.M.; Gray, A.G.: ‘Source Book on Nitriding’, S. 144–171; 1977, Metals Park, OH, ASM.
  • Spies HJ and Böhmer S: ‘Beitrag zum kontrollierten Gasnitrieren von Eisenwerkstoffen’, HTM, 1984, 39, 1–6.
  • Burlacov I, Börner K, Spies H.-J, Biermann H, Lopatik D, Zimmermann H and Röpcke J: ‘In-situ monitoring of plasma enhanced nitriding processes using infrared absorption and mass spectroscopy’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2012, 206, 3955–3960.
  • Edenhofer B: ‘Fortschritte in der Prozeßregelung beim Plasmaaufkohlen und Plasmanitrieren’, HTM, 1989, 44, 339–345.
  • Keller K: ‘Schichtaufbau glimmnitrierter Eisenwerkstoffe’, HTM, 1971, 26, 120–130.
  • Lampe T: ‘Plasmawärmebehandlung von Eisenwerkstoffen in stickstoff- und kohlenstoffhaltigen Gasgemischen’, Dissertation, Universität Braunschweig, VDI-Verlag 1985, Reihe 5, Nr. 93.
  • Haruman E, Bell T and Sun Y: ‘Compound layer characteristics resulting from plasma nitrocarburising in atmospheres containing carbon dioxide gas additions’, Surf. Eng., 1992, 8, 275–282.
  • Howse H.-J and Pistorius PGH: ‘Plasma ferritic nitrocarburising of carbon and low alloy steels in N2-H2 atmospheres with CO2 gas additions’, Surf. Eng., 1999, 15, 476–482.
  • Bell T, Sun Y and Suhadi A: ‘Environmental and technical aspects of plasma nitrocarburising’, Vacuum, 2000, 59, 14–23.
  • Bell T and Sun Y: ‘Low temperature plasma nitriding and carburising of austenitic stainless steels: stainless steel 2000’, Proc. Int. Sem. Osaka, 2000, 275–288; 2001, London, Maney.
  • Spies H.-J, Eckstein Chr and Zimdars H: ‘Korrosionsverhalten und Randgefüge nichtrostender Stähle nach einer Tieftemperaturnitrierung’, HTM, 2002, 57, 409–414.
  • Blawert C: ‘Charakterisation of duplex layer structures produced by simultaneous implantation of nitrogen and carbon into austenitic stainless steel X5CrNi18-9’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2000, 128–129, 219–225.
  • Kucera J, Michalicka P, Millon B, Rek A, Winkler Z and Stransky K: ‘The redistribution of substitution and interstitial elements in steel weldments’, Metall. Mater., 1996, 34, 235–245.
  • Kim SK, Yoo JS, Priest JM and Fewell MP: ‘Characteristics of martensitic stainless steel nitrided in a low-pressure RF-plasma’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2003, 163–164, 380–385.
  • Li CX and Bell T: ‘Corrosion properties of plasma nitrided AISI 410 stainless steel in 3·5% NaCl and 1% HCl aqueous solutions’, Corr. Sci., 2006, 48, 2036–2049.
  • Spies H.-J, Schreiber G and Weidner A: ‘Nitrierung und Nitrocarburierung nichtrostender ferritischer Stähle’, HTM, 2011, 66, 297–304.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.