Actions of Nickel on Immune Function

References

• Nielsen , F. H. 1985 . The importances of diet composition in ultratrace element research . J. Nutr. , 115 : 1239 – 1247 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCoy , H. and Kenney , M. A. 1992 . A review of biointeractions of Ni and Mg. II. Immune system and oncology . Magnes. Res. , 5 : 223 – 232 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nieboer , E. , Rossetto , R. E. and Menon , C. R. 1988 . Nickel metabolism in man and animals . Metal Ions Biol. Syst. , 23 : 91 – 122 .
   Google Scholar
• Kasprzak , K. S. 1987 . Nickel . Adv. Modern Environ. Toxicol. , 11 : 145 – 183 .
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , L. G. and Usher , V. 1994 . Health problems associated with nickel refining and use . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 38 : 189 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veien , N. K. , Hattel , T. and Laurberg , G. 1993 . Low nickel diet: An open, prospective trial . J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. , 29 : 1002 – 1007 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoy , J. H. and Kenney , M. A. 1987 . “ Magnesium and immune function: A review ” . In Magnesium in cellular processes and medicine , Edited by: Altura , B. M. , Durlach , J. and Seelig , M. S. 196 – 211 . Basel : Karger .
   Google Scholar
• Fishelson , Z. and Müller-Eberhard , H. J. 1982 . C3 convertase of human complement: Enhanced formation and stability of the enzyme generated with nickel instead of magnesium . J. Immunol. , 129 : 2603 – 2607 .
   Google Scholar
• Fishelson , Z. , Pangburn , M. K. and Müller-Eberhard , H. J. 1983 . C3 con-vertase of the alternative complement pathway. Demonstration of an active, stable C3b, Bb(Ni) complex . J. Biol. Chem. , 258 : 7411 – 7415 .
   Google Scholar
• Durlach , J. 1989 . Fifth International Magnesium Symposium of Kyoto . Magnes. Res. , 2 : 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Graham , J. A. , Gardner , D. E. , Miller , F. J. , Daniels , M. J. and Coffin , D. L. 1975 . Effect of nickel chloride on primary antibody production in the spleen . Environ. Health Persp. , 12 : 109 – 113 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smialowicz , R. J. , Rogers , R. R. , Riddle , M. M. and Scott , G. A. 1984 . Im-munologic effects of nickel: I. Suppression of cellular and humoral immunity . Environ. Res. , 33 : 413 – 427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smialowicz , R. J. , Rogers , R. R. , Rowe , D. G. , Riddle , M. M. and Luebke , R. W. 1987 . The effects of nickel on immune function in the rat . Toxicology , 44 : 271 – 281 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowser , D. H. , Frenkel , K. and Zelikoff , J. T. 1994 . Effects of in vitro nickel exposure on the macrophage-mediated immune functions of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 52 : 367 – 373 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adkins , B. , Richards , J. H. and Gardner , D. E. 1979 . Enhancement of experimental respiratory infection following nickel inhalation . Environ. Res. , 20 : 33 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haley , P. J. , Shopp , G. M. , Benson , J. M. , Cheng , Y. S. , Bice , D. E. , Luster , M. I. , Dunnick , J. K. and Hobbs , C. H. 1990 . The immunotoxicity of three nickel compounds following 13-week inhalation exposure in the mouse . Fund. Appl. Toxicol. , 15 : 476 – 487 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sunderman , F. W. , Hopfer , S. M. , Lin , S. M. , Plowman , M. C. , Stojanovic , T. , Wong , S. H. Y. , Zaharia , O. and Ziebka , L. 1989 . Toxicity to alveolar macro-phages in rats following parenteral injection of nickel chloride . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 100 : 107 – 118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guénicke , A. , Viac , J. , Lizard , G. , Charveron , M. and Schmitt , D. 1994 . Effect of nickel on the activation state of normal human keratinocytes through in-terleukin 1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression . B r. J. Dermatol. , 131 : 250 – 256 .
   Google Scholar
• Hirano , S. , Asami , T. , Kodama , N. and Suzuki , K. T. 1994 . Correlation between inflammatory cellular responses and chemotactic activity in bronchoal-veolar lavage fluid following intratracheal instillation of nickel sulfate in rats . Arch. Toxicol. , 68 : 444 – 449 .
   Google Scholar
• Hernández , M. , Macia , M. , Conde , J. L. and De la Fuente , M. 1991 . Cadmium and nickel modulation of adherence capacity of murine peritoneal macro-phages and lymphocytes: Intersexual comparisons . Int. J. Biochem. , 23 : 541 – 544 .
   Google Scholar
• Macia , M. and Hernández , M. 1995 . Modulation of the adherence of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes by cadmium and nickel: Sexual differences . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 29 : 15 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Arslane , K. , Gosset , P. , Hildebrand , H. F. , Voisin , C. , Tonnel , A. B. and Wallaert , B. 1994 . Nickel hydroxycarbonate increases tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6 secretion by alveolar macrophages . J. Appl. Toxicol , 14 : 375 – 379 .
   Google Scholar
• Guéniche , A. , Viac , J. , Lizard , G. , Charveron , M. and Schmitt , D. 1995 . Protective effect of zinc on keratinocyte activation markers induced by interferon or nickel . Acta Dermatol. Venereol. , 75 : 19 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smialowicz , R. J. , Rogers , R. R. , Riddle , M. M. , Garner , R. J. , Rowe , D. G. and Luebke , R. W. 1985 . Immunologic effects of nickel. II. Suppression of natural killer cell activity . Environm. Res. , 36 : 56 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Smialowicz , R. J. , Rogers , R. R. , Riddle , M. M. , Luebke , R. W. and Fogelson , L. D. 1987 . Effects of manganese, calcium, magnesium, and zinc on nickel-induced suppression of murine natural killer cell activity . J. Toxicol. Environm. Health , 20 : 67 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeromski , J. , Jezewska , E. , Sikora , J. and Kasprzak , K. S. 1995 . The effect of nickel compounds on immunophenotype and natural killer cell function of normal human lymphocytes . Toxicology , 97 : 39 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasprzak , K. S. , Ward , J. M. , Poirier , L. A. , Reichardt , D. A. , Denn , A. C. and Reynolds , C. W. 1987 . Nickel-magnesium interactions in carcinogenesis: Dose effects and involvement of natural killer cells . Carcinogenesis , 8 : 1005 – 1011 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tallkvist , J. and Tjälve , H. 1994 . Nickel absorption from perfused rat jejunal and ileal segments . Pharmacol. Toxicol. , 75 : 233 – 243 .
   Google Scholar
• Tallkvist , J. , Wing , A. M. and Tjälve , H. 1994 . Enhanced intestinal nickel absorption in iron-deficient rats . Pharmacol. Toxicol. , 75 : 244 – 249 .
   Google Scholar
• Yang , J. and Black , J. 1994 . Competitive binding of chromium, cobalt and nickel to serum proteins . Biomaterials , 15 : 262 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kragh-Hansen , U. , Brennan , S. O. , Minchiotti , L. and Galliano , M. 1994 . Modified high-affinity binding of Ni2+, Ca2+ and Zn2+ to natural mutants of human serum albumin and proalbumin . Biochem. J. , 301 : 217 – 223 .
   Google Scholar
• Kasprzak , K. S. , Kiser , R. F. and Weislow , O. S. 1988 . Magnesium counteracts nickel-induced suppression of T lymphocyte response to concanavalin A . Magnesium , 7 : 166 – 172 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knight , J. A. , Rezuke , W. N. , Wong , S. H. Y. , Hopfer , S. M. , Zaharia , O. and Snyderman , F. W. 1987 . Acute thymic involution and increased lipoperoxides in thymus of nickel chloride-treated rats . Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. , 55 : 291 – 302 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Milic'evic' , N. M. and Milic'evic' , Z. 1989 . Histochemistry of the acutely involved thymus in nickel chloride-treated rats . J. Comp. Pathol. , 101 : 143 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• Borella , P. , Manni , S. and Giardino , A. 1990 . Cadmium, nickel, chromium and lead accumulate in human lymphocytes and interfere with PHA-in-duced proliferation . Trace Elem. Electr. Health Dis. , 4 : 87 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waalkes , M. P. , Rehlm , S. , Kasprzak , K. and Issaq , H. J. 1987 . Inflammatory, proliferative, and neoplastic lesions at the site of metallic identification ear tags in Wistar [Crl:(WI)BR] rats . Cancer Res. , 47 : 2445 – 2450 .
   Google Scholar
• Picardo , M. , Zompetta , C. , De Luca , C. , Cristaudo , A. , Cannistraci , C. , Faggioni , A. and Santucci , B. 1990 . Nickel-keratinocyte interaction: A possible role in sensitization . B r. J. Dermatol. , 122 : 729 – 735 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong , Z. , Troll , W. , Koenig , K. L. and Frenkel , K. 1990 . Carcinogenic sulfide salts of nickel and cadmium induce H2O2 formation by human polymor-phonuclear leukocytes . Cancer Res. , 50 : 7564 – 7570 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estlander , T. , Kanerva , L. , Tupasela , O. , Keskinen , K. and Jolanka , R. 1993 . Immediate and delayed allergy to nickel with contact urticaria, rhinitis, asthma and contact dermatitis . Clin. Exper. Allergy , 23 : 306 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merritt , K. and Brown , S. A. 1981 . “ Hypersensitivity to metallic biomaterials ” . In Systemic aspects of biocompatibility, Vol. II , Edited by: Williams , D. F. 33 – 48 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen , N. , Hensten-Pettersen , A. and Hofsoy , H. 1981 . “ Some biological aspects of nickel ” . In Systemic aspects of biocompatibility, Vol. II , Edited by: Williams , D. F. 115 – 131 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cronin , E. , DiMichiel , A. D. and Brown , S. S. 1980 . “ Oral challenge in nickel-sensitive women with hand eczema ” . In Nickel toxicology , 149 – 152 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Abeck , D. , Traenckner , I. , Steinkraus , V. , Vieluf , D. and Ring , J. 1993 . Chronic urticaria due to nickel intake . Acta Dermatol. Venereol. , 73 : 438 – 439 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohold , A. E. , Halkier-Sorensen , L. , Andersen , K. E. and Thestrup-Pederse , N. K. 1994 . Nickel patch test reactivity and the menstrual cycle . Acta Der-matol. Venereol. , 74 : 383 – 385 .
   Google Scholar
• Weitzman , S. A. and Gordon , L. I. 1990 . Inflammation and cancer: Role of phagocyte-generated oxidants in carcinogenicity . Blood , 76 : 655 – 663 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Refsvik , T. and Andreassen , T. 1995 . Surface binding and uptake of nickel(II) in human epithelial kidney cells: Modulation by ionomycin, nicardipine and metals . Carcinogenesis , 16 : 1107 – 1112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winegar , B. D. , Kelly , R. and Lansman , J. B. 1991 . Block of current through single calcium channels by Fe, Co, and Ni . J. Gen. Physiol. , 97 : 351 – 367 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , K. , Meek , M. E. , Chan , P. K. L. , Shedden , J. , Bartlett , S. and Seed , L. J. 1994 . Nickel and its compounds: Evaluation of risks to health from environmental exposure in Canada . Environ. Carcino. Ecotox. Rev. , 12 : 417 – 433 .
   Google Scholar
• Lin , X. and Costa , M. 1994 . Transformation of human osteoblasts to anchorage-independent growth by insoluble nickel particles . Environ. Health Per-spect. , 102 ( Suppl. 3 ) : 289 – 292 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin , X. , Dowjat , W. K. and Costa , M. 1994 . Nickel-induced transformation of human cells causes loss of the phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein . Canc. Res. , 54 : 2751 – 2754 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haugen , A. , Mæhle , L. , Mollerup , S. , Rivedal , E. and Ryberg , D. 1994 . Nickel-induced alterations in human renal epithelial cells . Environ. Health Per-spect. , 102 ( Suppl. 3 ) : 117 – 118 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salnikow , K. , Cosentino , S. , Klein , C. and Costa , M. 1994 . Loss of thrombospondin transcriptional activity in nickel-transformed cells . Molec. Cell. Biol. , 14 : 851 – 858 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasprzak , K. S. 1991 . The role of oxidative damage in metal carcinoge-nicity . Chem. Res. Toxicol. , 4 : 604 – 615 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durlach , J. , Bara , M. and Guiet-Bara , A. 1990 . Magnesium and its relationship to oncology . Metal Ions Biol. Syst. , 26 : 549 – 578 .
   Google Scholar
• Costa , M. 1991 . Molecular mechanisms of nickel carcinogenesis . Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. , 31 : 321 – 337 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein , C. B. , Conway , K. , Wang , X. W. , Bhamra , R. K. , Lin , X. H. , Cohen , M. D. , Annab , L. , Barrett , J. C. and Costa , M. 1991 . Senescence of nickel-transformed cells by an X chromosome: Possible epigenetic control . Science , 251 : 796 – 799 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein , C. B. , Frenkel , K. and Costa , M. 1991 . The role of oxidative processes in metal carcinogenesis . Chem. Res. Toxicol. , 4 : 592 – 604 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa , M. 1989 . Perspectives on the mechanism of nickel carcinogenesis gained from models of in vitro carcinogenesis . Environ. Health Perspect. , 81 : 73 – 76 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodriguez , R. E. , Misra , M. , North , S. L. and Kasprzak , K. S. 1991 . Nickel-induced lipid peroxidation in the liver of different strains of mice and its relation to nickel effects on antioxidant systems . Toxicol. Lett. , 57 : 269 – 281 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra , M. , Rodriguez , R. E. , North , S. L. and Kasprzak , K. S. 1991 . Nickel-induced renal lipid peroxidation in different strains of mice: Concurrence with nickel effect on antioxidant defense systems . Toxicol. Lett. , 58 : 121 – 133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra , M. , Rodriguez , R. E. and Kasprzak , K. S. 1990 . Nickel-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat: Correlation with nickel effect on antioxidant defense systems . Toxicology , 64 : 1 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , X. H. , Sugiyama , M. and Costa , M. 1991 . Differences in the effect of vitamin E on nickel sulfide or nickel chloride-induced chromosomal aberrations in mammalian cells . Mutat. Res. , 260 : 159 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell , B. and Aruoma , O. I. 1991 . DNA damage by oxygen-derived species: Its mechanism and measurement in mammalian systems . FEBSLett. , 281 : 9 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stohs , S. J. and Bagchi , D. 1995 . Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions . Free Rad. Biol. Med. , 18 : 321 – 336 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stinson , T. J. , Jaw , S. , Jeffery , E. H. and Plewa , M. J. 1992 . The relationship between nickel chloride-induced peroxidation and DNA strand breakage in rat liver . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 117 : 98 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeill , D. A. , Chrisp , C. E. and Fisher , G. L. 1990 . Tumorigenicity of nickel subsulfide in strain A/J mice . Drug Chem. Toxicol. , 13 : 71 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arrouijal , F. Z. , Hildebrand , H. F. , Vophi , H. and Marzin , D. 1990 . Geno-toxic activity of nickel subsulphide a-Ni3S2 . Mutagenesis , 5 : 583 – 589 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Littlefield , N. A. , Fullerton , F. R. and Poirier , L. A. 1991 . Hydroxylation and deglycosylation of 2′-deoxyguanosine in the presence of magnesium and nickel . Chem. Biol. Interact. , 79 : 217 – 228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi , X. , Mao , Y. , Ahmed , N. and Jiang , H. 1995 . HPLC investigation on Ni(II)-mediated DNA damage in the presence of f-butyl hydroperoxide and gluta-thione . J. Inorg. Biochem. , 57 : 91 – 102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nackerdien , Z. , Kasprzak , K. S. , Rao , G. , Halliwell , B. and Dizdaroglu , M. 1991 . Nickel(II)- and cobalt(II)-dependent damage by hydrogen peroxide to the DNA bases in isolated human chromatin . Cancer Res. , 51 : 5837 – 5842 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuang , Z. , Huang , X. and Costa , M. 1994 . Protein oxidation and ami-no acid-DNA crosslinking by nickel compounds in intact cultured cells . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 126 : 319 – 325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra , M. , Olinski , R. , Dizdaroglu , M. and Kasprzak , K. S. 1993 . Enhancement by L-histidine of nickel(II)-induced DNA-protein cross-linking and oxidative DNA base damage in the rat kidney . Chem. Res. Toxicol. , 6 : 33 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , C. C. , Rokita , S. E. and Burrows , C. J. 1993 . Nickel(III)-promoted DNA cleavage with ambient dioxygen . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. , 32 : 277 – 278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kargacin , B. , Klein , C. B. and Costa , M. 1993 . Mutagenic responses of nickel oxides and nickel sulfides in Chinese hamster V79 cell lines at the xan-thine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus . Mutat. Res. , 300 : 63 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartana , J. , Blade , C. , Romeu , A. , Arola , L. and Mas , A. 1991 . Nickel effects on glutathione metabolism . Trace Elem. Man Anim. , 7 : 206 – 207 .
   Google Scholar
• Serafini , M. T. and Romeu , A. 1991 . Nickel interactions with glutathione and related enzyme in 11-day embryo and yolk sac in rat . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 47 : 840 – 844 .
   Google Scholar
• Srivastava , R. C. , Kumar , A. , Srivastava , S. K. , Gupta , S. , Hasan , S. K. and Athar , M. 1990 . Nickel-mediated inhibition in the glutathione-dependent protection against lipid peroxidation . Biochem. Int. , 20 : 495 – 501 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salnikow , K. , Gao , M. , Voitkun , V. , Huang , X. and Costa , M. 1994 . Altered oxidative stress responses in nickel-resistant mammalian cells . Canc. Res. , 54 : 6407 – 6412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway , K. , Wang , X. W. , Xu , L. S. and Costa , M. 1987 . Effect of magnesium on nickel-induced genotoxicity and cell transformation . Carcinogenesis , 8 : 1115 – 1121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasprzak , K. S. and Bare , R. M. 1989 . In vitro polymerization of histones by carcinogenic nickel compounds . Carcinogenesis , 10 : 621 – 624 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez , R. E. and Kasprzak , K. S. 1989 . Antagonists to metal carcinogens . J. Am. Coll. Toxicol. , 8 : 1265 – 1269 .
   Google Scholar
• Kasprzak , K. S. and Waalkes , M. P. 1986 . “ The role of calcium, magnesium, and zinc in carcinogenesis ” . In Essential nutrients in carcinogenesis , Edited by: Poirier , L. A. , Newberne , P. M. and Pariza , M. W. 497 – 515 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Kasprzak , K. S. 1990 . “ Metal interactions in nickel, cadmium, and lead carcinogenesis ” . In Biological effects of heavy metals, Vol. II: Metal carcinogene-sis , Edited by: Foulkes , E. C. 174 – 189 . Boca Raton : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Miki , H. , Kasprzak , K. S. , Kenney , S. and Heine , U. I. 1987 . Inhibition of intercellular communication by nickel(II): Antagonistic effect of magnesium . Carcinogenesis , 8 : 1757 – 1760 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway , K. , Wang , X. W. , Xu , L. and Costa , M. 1987 . Effect of magnesium on nickel-induced genotoxicity and cell transformation . Carcinogenesis , 8 : 1115 – 1121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , X. , Zhuang , Z. , Frenkel , K. , Klein , C. B. and Costa , M. 1994 . The role of nickel and nickel-mediated reactive oxygen species in the mechanism of nickel carcinogenesis . Environ. Health Perspect. , 102 ( Suppl 3 ) : 281 – 284 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Srivastava , R. C. , Hasan , S. K. , Gupta , J. and Gupta , S. 1993 . Protective role of metallothionein in nickel-induced oxidative damage . Biochem. Molec. Biol. Int. , 30 : 261 – 270 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fletcher , G. G. , Rossetto , F. E. , Turnbull , J. D. and Nieboer , E. 1994 . Tox-icity, uptake, and mutagenicity of particulate and soluble nickel compounds . Environ. Health Perspect. , 102 ( Suppl. 3 ) : 69 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa , M. , Salnikow , K. , Cosentino , S. , Klein , C. B. , Huang , X. and Zhuang , Z. 1994 . Molecular mechanisms of nickel carcinogenesis . Environ. Health Perspect. , 102 ( Suppl. 3 ) : 127 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tkeshelashvili , L. K. , Reid , T. M. , McBride , T. J. and Loeb , L. A. 1993 . Nickel induces a signature mutation for oxygen free radical damage . Cancer Res. , 53 : 4172 – 4174 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datta , A. K. , Riggs , C. W. , Fivash , M. J. and Kasprzak , K. S. 1991 . Mechanisms of nickel carcinogenesis: Interaction of nickel(II) with 2′-deoxynucleo-sides and 2′-deoxynucleotides . Chem. Biol. Interact. , 79 : 323 – 334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diebler , H. , Secco , F. and Venturini , M. 1991 . The interactions of Mg 2+ and Ni 2+ with several oligo-adenylic acids-equilibria and kinetics . J. Inorg. Blechern. , 42 : 67 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , G. M. and Duffus , J. H. 1983 . Magnesium as the fundamental regulator of the cell cycle . Magnesium , 2 : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Chin , Y. E. , Snow , E. T. and Christie , N. T. 1994 . The stimulatory effect of nickel chloride on DNA replication in human HeLa cells and Escherichia coli . Carcinogenesis , 15 : 1013 – 1016 .
   Google Scholar
• Chin , Y. E. , Snow , E. T. , Cohen , M. D. and Christie , N. T. 1994 . The effect of divalent nickel (Ni2+) on in vitro DNA replication by DNA polymerase a . Cane. Res. , 54 : 2337 – 2341 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee-Chen , S. F. , Yu , C. T. , Wu , D. R. and Jan , K. Y. 1994 . Differential effects of luminol, nickel, and arsenite on the rejoining of ultraviolet light and al-kylation-induced DNA breaks . Environ. Molec. Mutagen. , 23 : 116 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Hartwig , A. , Krüger , I. and Beyersmann , D. 1994 . Mechanisms in nickel genotoxicity: the significance of interactions with DNA repair . Toxicol. Lett. , 72 : 353 – 358 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee-Chen , S. F. , Wang , M. C. , Yu , C. T. , Wu , D. R. and Jan , K. Y. 1993 . Nickel chloride inhibits the DNA repair of UV-treated but not methyl methanesul-fonate-treated Chinese hamster ovary cells . Biol. Trace Elem. Res. , 37 : 39 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynn , S. , Yew , F. H. , Hwang , J. W. , Tseng , M. J. and Jan , K. Y. 1994 . Glu-tathione can rescue the inhibitory effects of nickel on DNA ligation and repair synthesis . Carcinogenesis , 15 : 2811 – 2816 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Littlefield , N. A. , Hass , B. S. , James , S. J. and Poirier , L. A. 1994 . Protective effect of magnesium on DNA strand breaks induced by nickel or cadmium . Cell Biol. Toxicol. , 10 : 127 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Au , W. W. , Heo , M. Y. and Chiewchanwit , T. 1994 . Toxicological interactions between nickel and radiation on chromosome damage and repair . Environ. Health Perspect. , 102 ( Suppl. 9 ) : 73 – 77 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sunderman , F. W. , Hopfer , S. M. , Plowman , M. C. and Knight , J. A. 1990 . Carcinogenesis bioassays of nickel oxides and nickel-copper oxides by intramuscular administration to Fischer-344 rats . Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharm. , 70 : 103 – 113 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deng , C. , Lee , H. H. , Xian , H. , Yao , M. , Huang , J. and Ou , B. 1988 . Chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges of peripheral blood lymphocytes in Chinese electroplating workers: Effect of nickel and chromium . J. Trace Elem. Exper. Med. , 1 : 57 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhong , B. , Li , Z. , Ma , G. and Wang , B. 1990 . Study on mutagenesis and carcinogenesis of productive nickel dust . Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. , 340E : 41 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Saillenfait , A. M. , Payan , J. P. , Sabate , J. P. , Langonne , I. , Fabry , J. P. and Beydon , D. 1993 . Speciic amino acids modulate the embryotoxicity of nickel chloride and its transfer to the rat embryo in vitro . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 123 : 299 – 308 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin , Y. E. , Snow , E. T. and Christie , N. T. 1994 . A single-stranded DNA binding protein isolated from HeLa cells facilitates Ni2+ activation of DNA poly-merases in vitro . Biochemistry , 33 : 1541 – 1548 .
   Google Scholar
• Iscan , M. , Coban , T. and Eke , B. C. 1994 . Differential combined effect of cadmium and nickel on hepatic and renal glutathione S-transferases of the guinea pig . Environ. Health Perspect. , 102 ( Suppl. 9 ) : 69 – 72 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iscan , M. , Coban , T. and Eke , B. C. 1992 . Responses of hepatic xeno-biotic metabolizing enzymes of mouse, rat and guinea-pig to nickel . Pharmacol. Toxicol. , 71 : 434 – 442 .
   Google Scholar
• Kasprzak , K. S. and Ward , J. M. 1991 . Prevention of nickel subsulfide carcinogenesis by local administration of Mycobacterium bovis antigen in male F344/NCr rats . Toxicology , 67 : 97 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar