REFERENCES
- 1695 . “ Mary Astcll and John Norris ” . In Letters Concerning the Love of God 1 – 2 . London
- 8 Ibid.
- 26 Ibid
- Astell , Mary . 1697 . A Serious Proposal To The Ladies Part II 32 – 33 . London
- 101 – 2 . Ibid
- 106 – 7 . Ibid
- Astell , Mary . 1694 . A Serious Proposal To The Ladies 109 – 110 . London
- 110 Ibid.
- 49 – 51 . Ibid.
- Antoine Arnauld, The An of Thinking, Irans, with intro by James Dickoff and Patricia James (Indianapolis, 1964), “Note on the Translation,” p. lx. In her excellent treatment of Astell's philosophical sources, Joan K. Kinnaird has stressed more the importance of the Cartesian influence. Sec “Mary Astell and the Conservative Contribution to English Feminism,' The Journal of British Studies, XIX, No. I (Fall, 1979), especially pp. 59–63.
- Rigis was a minor Cartesian who, with Norris, argued that since God was the only true substance, He was the only true cause. Of the works of Nicholas Malebranche (1638–1715), Norris specifically recommended to Astell the Amsterdam edition of Recher che de la Verite (1674), the Cologne edition of Meditations Chritiennes (1683) and Traiti de Morale (Rotterdam, 1684). In the first two of these books, he directed her to the expla nation of why people had not clearer notions of their own souls. Malebranche said that if they knew their own souls, people would be so ravished by the vision that they would be unable to think of anything else, not even their own bodily needs, and so would perish. Astell replied, “I am exceedingly pleas'd with M. Malbranch's Account of the Reasons why we have no Idea of our Souls, and wish 1 could read that ingenious Author in his own Lan-guage, or that he spake mine.” Letters Concerning the Love of God, p. 149. She subsequently taught herself French.
- Antoine Arnauld, The Art of Thinking, trans, with inlro. by James Dickoff and Patricia James, p. 7.
- Mary Astell, A Serious Proposal Part II, pp. 26–7
- 132 Ibid.
- The Port Royal Grammar and the Port Royal Logic were the first theoretical Statements about language and thought which fully and sensibly embodied what Noam Chomsky calls a “Cartesian” approach to linguistics, an understanding of language as reflective of some basic human cognitive structures. Chomsky, of course, sees the Port Royal movement as a forerunner of his own brand of linguistics, and stresses that aspect of the theory which assumes a universal, underlying structure to the human mind. He is also aware of the political implications of this theory: its recognition that all minds arc created more or less equal, since language use and creative capability are “universal,” a “common human endowment.” This premise that every human being had the same basic intellectual equipment corroborated Mary Astell's instinct about the matter, and was as welcome to her as the rules formulated at Port Royal for rigorous thought. See Noam Chomsky, Cartesian Linguistics (New York and London, 1966), p. 29.
- Mary Astell, A Serious Proposal Part II, p. 233.
- Astell , Mary . A Serious Proposal 79 – 81 .
- George Eliot, Middlemarch, ed. Gordon S Haight (Boston, 1956), pp. 6, 47.
- See Anna Van Schurman, The Learned Maid or, Whether a Maid may be a Scholar (1641; translated into English 1659) and Bathsua Makin, An Essay to Revive the Anticnt Education of Gentlewomen, in Religion, Manners, Arts & Tongues, with an Answer to the Objections against this Way of Education (1673) and the anonymous A Dialogue Concerning Women (1691).
- Mary Astell, A Serious Proposal, p. 26.
- Mary Astell, An Impartial Enquiry into the Causes of the Rebellion and Civil War in This Kingdom: In an Examination of Dr. Kennelt' s Sermon Jan. 31, I703H (Lonaon, 1704), p. 42. Her position on individual liberty is much like that expoused warmly by Oliver Gold smith's speaker, Dr. Primrose, in Chapter XIX of The Vicar of Wakefield: Now, Sir, for my own part, as 1 naturally hate the face of a tyrant, the farther off he is removed from me the better pleased am I. The generality of mankind also are of my way of thinking, and have unanimously created one king, whose election at once diminished the number of tyrants, and puts tyranny at the greatest distance from the greatest number of people. Now the great, who were tyrants themselves before the election of one tyrant, are naturally averse to a power raised over them, and whose weight must ever lean heaviest on the subordinate orders. It is the interest of the great, therefore, to diminish kingly power as much as possible; because, whatever they take from that is naturally restored to themselves; and all they have to do in the state is to undermine the single tyrant, by which they resume their primeval authority.
- Mary Astell, An Impartial Enquiry into the Causes of Rebellion anddvil War, etc., p. 42. In addition to Clarendon's History of the Rebellion, published during the reign of Queen Anne, Astell recommended the following texts to her readers, to supplement and re inforce her view of the real causes of the Civil War, and her admiring portrait of that pious king, Charles I: “Mr. Foulis's History of our pretended Saints, Sir William.Dugdale's Short View, Dr. Nalson, or the Declaration and Papers that Pass'd on both sides; or even their own partial Writers, in some of which, even in Will. Lilly's Monarchy or No Monarchy, and in John Cook's Appeal, the same Cook that was their Solicitor against their Sovereign, he may find as great, or greater Character of this excellent Prince, than the Doctor i.e. White Kennen gives him.” Ibid., p. 37. The book by Henry Foulis (1638–1669), according lo the DNB, was thought such a masterly and compelling case for the monarch's guiltlessness, that it was “chained to desks in public places and in some churches to be read by the vulgar.”
- John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (London, 1690). See especially the second treatise, “An Essay Concerning the True Original, Extent and End of Civil Government,” chapters IX, XL, XIX.
- Mary Astell, An Impartial Enquiry into the Causes of Rebellion and Civil War, etc., p. 33.
- 8 Ibid.
- Swift , Jonathan . Gulliver's Travels, Book II
- 1841 . “Letter to Sir William Windham” . In Lord Bolingbroke' s Works, 4 vols 1 – 115 . Philadelphia
- John Locke, chapter XIX of “An Essay Concerning the True Original, Extent and End of Civil Government”, in Works.
- Hillel Schwartz, Knaves. Fools, Madmen, and thai Subtitle Effluvium (Gainsville, 1978), pp. 1–30.
- Anthony Ashley Cooper, A Letter Concerning Enthusiasm to My Lord (London, 1708), p. 46.
- Astell , Mary . 1709 . Bart'lemy Fair: or, An Enquiry After Wit 23 London
- 26 Ibid.
- 83 – 84 . Ibid.
- 60 Ibid.
- Astell , Mary . 1705 . The Christian Religion As Profess'd By A Daughter of the Church 258 – 61 . London
- This rhetorical stancE is most pronounced in the 1706 Preface to Some Reflection Upon Marriage, originally published in 1700.
- 11 Ibid., 1706 preface
- Astell , Mary . 1700 . Some Reflections Upon Marriage 29 London