1
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Metabolic Therapy for Hypothyroid and Euthyroid Fibromyalgia

Two Case Reports

Pages 19-49 | Received 03 May 1997, Accepted 25 May 1997, Published online: 15 Oct 2008

References

  • Wolfe , R , Smythe , H. A. Yunus , M. B. 1990 . The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia: report of the multicenter criteria committee . Arthritis Rheum , 33 : 160 – 172 .
  • Moldofsky , H. and Warsh , J. J. 1978 . Plasma tryptophan and musculoskeletal pain in non-articular rheumatism (“fibrositis syndrome”) . Pain , 5 : 65 – 71 .
  • Russell , I. J. 1989 . Neurohormonal aspects of fibromyalgia syndrome . Rheumat. Dis. Clin. North Am. , 15 : 149 – 168 .
  • Russell , I. J. , Michalek , J. E. , Vipraio , G. A. , Fletcher , E. M. and Wall , K. 1989 . Serum amino acids in fibrositis/fibromyalgia syndrome . J. Rheumatol. , 16 ( suppl 19 ) : 158 – 163 .
  • Russell , I. J. , Michalek , J. E. , Vipraio , J. A. , Fletcher , E. M. , Javors , M. A. and Bowdcn , C. A. 1992 . Platelet 3H-imipramine uptake receptor density and serum serotonin levels in patients with fibromyalgia/fibrositis syndromes . J. Rheumatol. , 19 : 104 – 109 .
  • Houvenagel , E. , Forzy , G. , Cortet , B. and Vincent , G. 1990 . 5-Hydroxyindole-acetic acid in cerebrospinal fluid in fibromyalgia . Arthritis Rheum. , 33 : S55
  • Russell , I. J. , Vaeroy , H. , Javors , M. and Nyberg , F. 1992 . Cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amine metabolites in fibromyalgia/fibrositis syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis . Arthritis Rheum. , 35 : 550 – 556 .
  • Goldenberg , D. L. 1993 . Fibromyalgia: treatment programs . J. Musculoskel. Pain , 1 : 71 – 81 .
  • Carette , S. 1995 . What have clinical trials taught us about the treatment of fibromyalgia? . J. Musculoskel. Pain , 3 : 133 – 140 .
  • Wolfe , F. , Cathey , M. A. and Hawley , D. J. 1994 . A double blind placebo controlled trial of fluoxetine in fibromyalgia . Scand. J. Rheumatol. , 23 : 255 – 259 .
  • Carette , S. , Bell , M. Reynolds , J. 1994 . A controlled trial of amitriptyline, cyclobenzaprine, and placebo in fibromyalgia patients . Arthritis Rheum , 37 ( 1 ) : 32 – 40 .
  • Goldenberg , D. L. , Felson , D. T. and Dinerman , H. 1986 . A randomized, controlled trial of amitriptyline and naproxen in the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia . Arthritis Rheum. , 29 ( I ) : 1371 – 1377 .
  • Goldenberg , D. L. , Marskiy , M. , Mossey , C , Ruthazer , R. and Schmid , C . 1995 . The independent and combined efficacy of fluoxetine and amitriptyline in the treatment of fibromyalgia . Arthritis Rheum , : S229
  • Lowe , J. C. , Cullum , M. , Graf , L. Jr. and Yellin , J. 1997 . Mutations in the c-erb-?β gene: do they underlie euthyroid fibromyalgia? . Med. Hypotheses , 48 ( 2 ) : 125 – 135 .
  • Lowe , J. C. , Eichelberger , J. , Manso , G. and Peterson , K. 1994 . Improvement in euthyroid fibromyalgia patients treated with T3 (tri-iodothyronine) . J. Myofascial Ther. , 1 ( 2 ) : 16 – 27 .
  • Lowe , I C . 1995 . T3-induced recovery from fibromyalgia by a hypothyroid patient resistant to T4 and desiccated thyroid . J. Myofascial. Ther. , I ( 4 ) : 26 – 31 .
  • Lowe , J. C. 1997 . Results of an open trial of T3 therapy with 77 euthyroid female fibromyalgia patients . Clin. Bull. Myofascial Then , 2 ( 1 ) : 35 – 37 .
  • Lowe , J. C. , Garrison , R. L. , Reichman , A. J. , Yellin , J. , Thompson , M. and Kaufman , D. 1997 . Effectiveness and safety of T3 therapy for euthyroid fibromyalgia: a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study . Clin. Bull. Myofascial Ther. , 2 ( 2/3 ) : 31 – 58 .
  • Lowe , J. C. , Reichman , A. J. and Yellin , J. 1997 . The process of change during T3 treatment for euthyroid fibromyalgia: a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study . Clin. Bull. Myofascial Ther. , 2 ( 2/3 ) : 91 – 124 .
  • Lowe , J. C. , Garrison , R. L. , Reichman , A. J. and Yellin , J. 1997 . Triiodothyro-nine (T3) treatment of euthyroid fibromyalgia: a small-N replication of a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study . Clin. Bull. Myofascial Ther. , 2 ( 4 )
  • Lowe , J. C. , Reichman , A. J. and Yellin , J. 1997 . A l-to-5 year follow-up of fibromyalgia patients treated with metabolic therapy: a comparison of treated and untreated matched patients, in press
  • Lowe , J. C. 1997 . Thyroid status of 38 fibromyalgia patients: implications for the etiology of fibromyalgia . Clin. Bull. Myofascial. Then , 2 ( 1 ) : 47 – 64 .
  • Wigers , S. H. , Skrondal , A. , Finset , A. and Gotestam , K. G. 1997 . Measuring change in fibromyalgic pain: the relevance of pain distribution . J. Musculoskel. Pain , 5 ( 2 ) : 29 – 41 .
  • Wilkins , E. W. , Dineen , J. J. , Moncure , A. C. , Gross , P. L. and Fitzgerald , C. R . 1983 . MGH Textbook of Emergency Medicine. , 2nd edition. , 624 – 627 . Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins .
  • O'Boyle , C M. , Davis , D. K. , Russo , B. A. , Kraf , T. J. and Brick , P. D. 1985 . Emergency Care: The First 24 Hours , 332 – 333 . Norwalk : Appleton-Century-Crofts .
  • Burckhardt , C. S. , Clark , S. R. and Bennett , R. M. 1991 . The fibromyalgia impact questionnaire: development and validation . J. Rheumatol. , 18 ( 5 ) : 728 – 733 .
  • Zung , W. W.K. 1965 . A self-rating depression scale . Arch. Gen. Psychiatiy , 12 : 65 – 70 .
  • Naughton , M. J. and Wiklund , I. 1993 . A critical review of dimension-specific measures of health-related quality of life in cross-cultural research . Quality Life , 2 ( 6 ) : 397 – 432 .
  • Fischer , A. A. , De Costa , C. and Levy , H. 1995 . Diagnosis of fibromyalgia by manual pressure is unreliable: quantification of tender point sensitivity by algo-mctry is necessary in clinical practice . J. Musculoskel. Pain , 3 ( 1 ) : 139
  • Klein , I. 1991 . “ Metabolic, physiologic, and clinical indexes of thyroid function ” . In 77ie Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text, , 6th edition. , Edited by: Braverman , L. E. and Utiger , R. D. 486 – 492 . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott Co. .
  • Goldberg , M. 1961 . Diagnosis of euthyroid hypometabolism . Am. J. Obst. & Gy-nec , 81 ( 5 ) May : 1057 – 1058 .
  • Sonkin , L. S. 1985 . “ Endocrine disorders and muscle dysfunction ” . In Clinical Management of Head, Neck and TM.I Pain and Dysfunction , Edited by: Gelb , B. 137 – 170 . Philadelphia : W.B. SaundersCo. .
  • Lowe , J. C. March 11 1997 . March 11 , Personal communication
  • Lowe , J. C . 1997 . The Metabolic Treatment of Fibromyalgia , Houston : Hawthorne BioMedical Press .
  • Fraser , W. D. , Biggart , E. M. , St O'Reilly , D. J. , Gray , H. W. , McKillop , J. H. and Thomson , J. A. 1986 . Are biochemical tests of thyroid function of any value in monitoring patients receiving thyroxine replacement? . Br. Med. J. , 293 : 808 – 810 .
  • Wilansky , D. L. and Greisman , B. 1987 . Early hypothyroidism in patients with menorrhagia . Am. J. Obstel. Gynecol. , 70 : 789
  • Higham , J. M. and Shaw , R. W. 1992 . The effect of thyroxine replacement on menstrual blood loss in a hypothyroid patient . Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecoi , 99 : 695
  • Rotmensch , S. and Scommegna , A. 1989 . Spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome associated with hypothyroidism . Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. , 160 : 1220
  • Bcrkow , R. and Fletcher , A. J. 1987 . The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, , 15th edition. , Rahway : Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories .
  • Wolfe , F. 1990 . Diagnosis of fibromyalgia . J. Musculoskel. Med. , 7 : 54
  • Evered , D. , Young , E. T. , Ormston , M G. , Menzies , R. , Smith , P. A. and Hall , R. 1973 . Treatment of hypothyroidism: a reappraisal of thyroxine therapy . Br. Med. J. , iii : 131 – 134 .
  • Stock , J. M. , Surks , M. I. and Oppenheimer , J. H. 1974 . Replacement dosage of L-thyroxine in hypothyroidism . N. Engl. J. Med. , 290 : 529 – 533 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.