Mecamylamine – a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist with potential for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders

Bibliography

• Young JM, Shytle RD, Sanberg PR, George TP. Mecamylamine: new therapeutic uses and safety profile. Clin Ther 2001;23:533-65
   Google Scholar
• Martin TJ, Suchocki J, May EL, Martin BR. Pharmacological evaluation of the antagonism of nicotine's central effects by mecamylamine and pempidine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990;254(1):45-51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin-Ruiz CM, Lee M, Perry RH, What is the nature of mecamylamine's antagonism of the central effects of nicotine? Biochem Pharmacol 1989;38(20):3391-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sacco KA, Bannon KL, George TP. Nicotinic receptor mechanisms and cognition in normal states and neuropsychiatric disorders. J Psychopharmacol 2004;18(4):457-74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Newhouse P, Singh A, Potter A. Nicotine and nicotinic receptor involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders. Curr Top Med Chem 2004;4(3):267-82
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Albuquerque EX, Pereira EF, Alkondon M, Rogers SW. Mammalian nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: from structure to function. Physiol Rev 2009;89(1):73-120
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whiting PJ, Liu R, Morley BJ, Lindstrom JM. Structurally different neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes purified and characterized using monoclonal antibodies. J Neurosci 1987;7(12):4005-16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flores CM, Rogers SW, Pabreza LA, A subtype of nicotinic cholinergic receptor in rat brain is composed of alpha 4 and beta 2 subunits and is up-regulated by chronic nicotine treatment. Mol Pharmacol 1992;41(1):31-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tapia L, Kuryatov A, Lindstrom J. Ca2+ permeability of the (alpha4)3(beta2)2 stoichiometry greatly exceeds that of (alpha4)2(beta2)3 human acetylcholine receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2007;71(3):769-76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buisson B, Bertrand D. Chronic exposure to nicotine upregulates the human (alpha)4((beta)2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function. J Neurosci 2001;21(6):1819-29
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giniatullin RA, Sokolova EM, Di Angelantonio S, Rapid relief of block by mecamylamine of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of rat chromaffin cells in vitro: an electrophysiological and modeling study. Mol Pharmacol 2000;58(4):778-87
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• VanMeter WG. Diisopropylfluorophosphate and tetanic stimulation fail to reverse mecamylamine antagonism of Renshaw cells. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1984;4(2 Pt 2):S150-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Varanda WA, Aracava Y, Sherby SM, The acetylcholine receptor of the neuromuscular junction recognizes mecamylamine as a noncompetitive antagonist. Mol Pharmacol 1985;28(2):128-37
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Young JM, Shytle RD, Sanberg PR, George TP. Mecamylamine: new therapeutic uses and safety profile. Clin Ther 2001;23:533-65
   Google Scholar
• Shytle RD, Penny E, Silver AA, Mecamylamine (Inversine): an old antihypertensive with new research directions. J Hum Hypertens 2002;16(6):453-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Snell LD, Johnson KM. Effects of nicotinic agonists and antagonists on N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced 3H-norepinephrine release and 3H-(1-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]-piperidine) binding in rat hippocampus. Synapse 1989;3(2):129-35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hatch RC. Ketamine catalepsy and anesthesia in dogs pretreated with antiserotonergic or antidopaminergic neuroleptics or with anticholinergic agents. Pharmacol Res Commun 1974;6(3):289-99
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fedorov NB, Benson LC, Graef J, Differential pharmacologies of mecamylamine enantiomers: positive allosteric modulation and noncompetitive inhibition. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009;328(2):525-32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lippiello PM, Beaver JS, Gatto GJ, TC-5214 (S-(+)-mecamylamine): a neuronal nicotinic receptor modulator with antidepressant activity. CNS Neurosci Ther 2008;14(4):266-77
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Papke RL, Sanberg PR, Shytle RD. Analysis of mecamylamine stereoisomers on human nicotinic receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001;297(2):646-56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fedorov NB, Benson LC, Graef J, Differential pharmacologies of mecamylamine enantiomers: positive allosteric modulation and noncompetitive inhibition. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009;328(2):525-32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Newman MB, Manresa JJ, Sanberg PR, Shytle RD. Nicotine induced seizures blocked by mecamylamine and its stereoisomers. Life Sci 2001;69(22):2583-91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lippiello PM, Beaver JS, Gatto GJ, TC-5214 (S-(+)-mecamylamine): a neuronal nicotinic receptor modulator with antidepressant activity. CNS Neurosci Ther 2008;14(4):266-77
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Papke RL, Sanberg PR, Shytle RD. Analysis of mecamylamine stereoisomers on human nicotinic receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001;297(2):646-56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stone CA, Torchiana ML, Navarro A, Beyer KH. Ganglion blocking properties of 3-methylaminoisocamphane hydrochloride (mecamylamine): a secondary amine. J Pharmacology 1956;117:169-83
   Google Scholar
• Morisano D, Bacher I, Audrain-McGovern J, George TP. Mechanisms underlying the co-morbidity of tobacco use in mental health and addictive disorders. Can J Psychiatry 2009;54(6):356-67
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laviolette SR, van der Kooy D. The neurobiology of nicotine addiction: bridging the gap from molecules to behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci 2004;5(1):55-65
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kihara T, Shimohama S, Sawada H, Nicotinic receptor stimulation protects neurons against beta-amyloid toxicity. Ann Neurol 1997;42(2):159-63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takada-Takatori Y, Kume T, Sugimoto M, Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors used in treatment of Alzheimer's disease prevent glutamate neurotoxicity via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade. Neuropharmacology 2006;51(3):474-86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reid MS, Mickalian JD, Delucchi KL, Berger SP. A nicotine antagonist, mecamylamine, reduces cue-induced cocaine craving in cocaine-dependent subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999;20(3):297-307
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blomqvist O, Hernandez-Avila CA, Van Kirk J, Mecamylamine modifies the pharmacokinetics and reinforcing effects of alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2002;26(3):326-31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalman D, Morissette SB, George TP. Co-morbidity of smoking in patients with psychiatric and substance use disorders. Am J Addict 2005;14(2):106-23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shytle RD, Silver AA, Sheehan KH, Neuronal nicotinic receptor inhibition for treating mood disorders: preliminary controlled evidence with mecamylamine. Depress Anxiety 2002;16(3):89-92
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Janowsky DS, el-Yousef MK, Davis JM, Sekerke HJ. A cholinergic-adrenergic hypothesis of mania and depression. Lancet 19722(7778):632-35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shytle RD, Silver AA, Lukas RJ, Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as targets for antidepressants. Mol Psychiatry 2002;7(6):525-35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kenny P, File SE, Neal MJ. Evidence for a complex influence of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on hippocampal serotonin release. J Neurochem 2000;75(6):2409-14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shytle RD, Silver AA, Lukas RJ, Neuronal nicotinic receptor inhibition for treating mood disorders: preliminary controlled evidence with mecamylamine. Depress Anxiety 2002;16(3):89-92
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shytle RD, Silver AA, Sanberg PR. Comorbid bipolar disorder in Tourette's syndrome responds to the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine (Inversine). Biol Psychiatry 2000;48(10):1028-31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Popik P, Kozela E, Krawczyk M. Nicotine and nicotinic receptor antagonists potentiate the antidepressant-like effects of imipramine and citalopram. Br J Pharmacol 2003;139(6):1196-202
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caldarone BJ, Harrist A, Cleary MA, High-affinity nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are required for antidepressant effects of amitriptyline on behavior and hippocampal cell proliferation. Biol Psychiatry 2004;56(9):657-64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andreasen JT, Redrobe JP. Antidepressant-like effects of nicotine and mecamylamine in the mouse forced swim and tail suspension tests: role of strain, test and sex. Behav Pharmacol 2009;20(3):286-95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mineur YS, Somenzi O, Picciotto MR. Cytisine, a partial agonist of high-affinity nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, has antidepressant-like properties in male C57BL/6J mice. Neuropharmacology 2007;52(5):1256-62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rabenstein RL, Caldarone BJ, Picciotto MR. The nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine has antidepressant-like effects in wild-type but not beta2- or alpha7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit knockout mice. Psychopharmacology 2006;189(3):395-401
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• George TP, Sacco KA, Vessicchio JC, Nicotinic antagonist augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-refractory major depressive disorder: a preliminary study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;28(3):340-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunbar GC, Kuchibhatla R, Kumar R. Mecamylamine in the treatment of depressed patients who were inadequate responders to citalopram first-line therapy; a double-blind placebo controlled add-on study. J Psychopharmacol 2007;21(7):A40
   Google Scholar
• Rollema H, Coe JW, Chambers LK, Rationale, pharmacology and clinical efficacy of partial agonists of alpha4beta2 nACh receptors for smoking cessation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2007;28(7):316-25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Philip NS, Carpenter LL, Tyrka AR, Varenicline augmentation in depressed smokers: an 8-week, open-label study. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70(7):1026-31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Picciotto MR, Corrigall WA. Neuronal systems underlying behaviors related to nicotine addiction: neural circuits and molecular genetics. J Neurosci 2002;22(9):3338-41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Balfour D. The neurobiology of tobacco dependence: a preclinical perspective on the role of the dopamine projections to the nucleus accumbens [corrected]. Nicotine Tob Res 2004;6(6):899-912
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dajas-Bailador F, Wonnacott S. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the regulation of neuronal signalling. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004;25(6):317-24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clarke PB, Pert A. Autoradiographic evidence for nicotine receptors on nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons. Brain Res 1985;348(2):355-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pidoplichko VI, DeBiasi M, Williams JT, Dani JA. Nicotine activates and desensitizes midbrain dopamine neurons. Nature 1997;390(6658):401-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Imperato A, Mulas A, Di Chiara G. Nicotine preferentially stimulates dopamine release in the limbic system of freely moving rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1986;132(2-3):337-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zocchi A, Girlanda E, Varnier G, Dopamine responsiveness to drugs of abuse: A shell-core investigation in the nucleus accumbens of the mouse. Synapse 2003;50(4):293-302
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zevin S, Jacob P III, Benowitz NL. Nicotine-mecamylamine interactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;68(1):58-66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eissenberg T, Griffiths RR, Stitzer ML. Mecamylamine does not precipitate withdrawal in cigarette smokers. Psychopharmacology 1996;127(4):328-36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rose JE, Behm FM, Westman EC, Bates JE. Mecamylamine acutely increases human intravenous nicotine self-administration. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003 76(2):307-13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McClernon FJ, Rose JE. Mecamylamine moderates cue-induced emotional responses in smokers. Addict Behav 2005 30(4):741-53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rose JE, Levin ED. Inter-relationships between conditioned and primary reinforcement in the maintenance of cigarette smoking. Br J Addict 1991;86(5):605-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rose JE, Behm FM, Westman EC, Mecamylamine combined with nicotine skin patch facilitates smoking cessation beyond nicotine patch treatment alone. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994;56(1):86-99
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rose JE, Behm FM, Westman EC, Kukovich P. Precessation treatment with nicotine skin patch facilitates smoking cessation. Nicotine Tob Res 2006;8(1):89-101
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rose JE, Behm FM, Westman EC. Nicotine-mecamylamine treatment for smoking cessation: the role of pre-cessation therapy. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 1998;6(3):331-43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glover ED, Laflin MT, Schuh KJ, A randomized, controlled trial to assess the efficacy and safety of a transdermal delivery system of nicotine/mecamylamine in cigarette smokers. Addiction 2007;102(5):795-802
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Breese CR, Lee MJ, Adams , Abnormal regulation of high affinity nicotinic receptors in subjects with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000;23:351-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman R, Coon H, Myles-Worsley M, Linkage of a neurophysiological deficit in schizophrenia to a chromosome 15 locus. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1997;94:587-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keefe RS. Cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia: effects and treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;(Suppl 14):8-13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dépatie L, O'Driscoll GA, Holahan AL, Nicotine and behavioral markers of risk for schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002;27(6):1056-70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sacco KA, Termine A, Seyal A, Effects of cigarette smoking on spatial working memory and attentional deficits in schizophrenia: involvement of nicotinic receptor mechanisms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62(6):649-59
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• George TP, Vessicchio JC, Termine A, Effects of smoking abstinence on visuospatial working memory function in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002;26(1):75-85
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fonder MA, Sacco KA, Termine A, Smoking cue reactivity in schizophrenia: effects of a nicotinic receptor antagonist. Biol Psychiatry 2005;57(7):802-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weinberger AH, Sacco KA, Creeden CL, Effects of acute abstinence, reinstatement, and mecamylamine on biochemical and behavioral measures of cigarette smoking in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2007;91(1-3):217-25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sacco KA, Termine A, Dudas MM, Neuropsychological deficits in non-smokers with schizophrenia: effect of a nicotinic Antagonist. Schizophr Res 2006 85:213-221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoffelmeer AN, De Vries TJ, Wardeh G, Psychostimulant-induced behavioral sensitization depends on nicotinic receptor activation. J Neurosci 2002;22:3269–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitabatake Y, Hikida T, Watanabe D, Impairment of reward-related learning by cholinergic cell ablation in the striatum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:7965-70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zanetti L, Picciotto MR, Zoli M. Differential effects of nicotinic antagonists perfused into the nucleus accumbens or the ventral tegmental area on cocaine-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of mice. Psychopharmacology 2007;190(2):189-99
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collins SL, Izenwasser S. Chronic nicotine differentially alters cocaine-induced locomotor activity in adolescent vs adult male and female rats. Neuropharmacology 2004;46:349-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechtholt AJ, Mark GP. Enhancement of cocaine-seeking behavior by repeated nicotine exposure in rats. Psychopharmacology 2002;162:178-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid MS, Mickalian JD, Delucchi KL, An acute dose of nicotine enhances cue-induced cocaine craving. Drug Alcohol Depend 1998;149(2):95-104
   Google Scholar
• Reid MS, Mickalian JD, Delucchi KL, Berger SP. A nicotine antagonist, mecamylamine, reduces cue-induced cocaine craving in cocaine-dependent subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999;20(3):297-307
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reid MS, Angrist B, Baker SA, A placebo controlled, double-blind study of mecamylamine treatment for cocaine dependence in patients enrolled in an opiate replacement program. Subst Abus 2005;26(2):5-14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hansen ST. Mark GP. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine prevents escalation of cocaine self-administration in rats with extended daily access Psychopharmacology 2007;194(1):53-61
   Google Scholar
• Koob G. Drugs of abuse: anatomy, pharmacology and function of reward pathways. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1992;13(5):177-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koob GF, Weiss F. Neuropharmacology of cocaine and ethanol dependence. Recent Dev Alcohol 1992;10:201-33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blomqvist O, Ericson M, Engel JA, Söderpalm B. Accumbal dopamine overflow after ethanol: localization of the antagonizing effect of mecamylamine. Eur J Pharmacol 1997;334(2-3):149-56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nadal R, Chappell AM, Samson HH. Effects of nicotine and mecamylamine microinjections into the nucleus accumbens on ethanol and sucrose self-administration. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998;22(6):1190-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blomqvist O, Engel JA, Nissbrandt H, Söderpalm B. The mesolimbic dopamine-activating properties of ethanol are antagonized by mecamylamine. Eur J Pharmacol 1993;249(2):207-13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blomqvist O, Engel JA, Nissbrandt H, Söderpalm B. Mecamylamine modifies the pharmacokinetics and reinforcing effects of alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2002;26(3):326-31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKee SA, Harrison ELR, O'Malley SS, Varenicline reduces alcohol self-administration in heavy-drinking smokers. Biol Psychiatry 2009;66(2):185-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delacourte A, Defossez A. Alzheimer's disease: Tau proteins, the promoting factors of microtubule assembly, are major components of paired helical filaments. J Neurol Sci 1986;76(2-3):173-86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coyle J, Price DL, DeLong MR. Alzheimer's disease: a disorder of cortical cholinergic innervation. Science 1983;219(4589):1184-90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warpman U, Nordberg A. Epibatidine and ABT 418 reveal selective losses of alpha 4 beta 2 nicotinic receptors in Alzheimer brains. Neuroreport 1995;6(17):2419-23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones GM, Sahakian BJ, Levy R, Effects of acute subcutaneous nicotine on attention, information processing and short-term memory in Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacology 1992;108:485-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahakian B, Jones G, Levy R, The effects of nicotine on attention, information processing, and short-term memory in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Br J Psychiatry 1989;154:797-800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newhouse PA, Sunderland T, Tariot PN, Intravenous nicotine in Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study. Psychopharmacology 1988;95:171-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson AL, Langley LK, Monley J, Nicotine patches in Alzheimer's Disease: pilot study on learning memory and safety. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1995:51(2&3):509-514
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• White HK, Levin ED. Four-week nicotine skin patch treatment effects on cognitive performance in Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacology 1999;143:158-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newhouse PA, Potter A, Corwin J, Lenox R. Acute nicotinic blockade produces cognitive impairment in normal humans. Psychopharmacology 1992;108:480-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newhouse PA, Potter A, Corwin J, Lenox R. Age-related effects of the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine on cognition and behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 1994;10:93-107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanberg P, Silver AA, Shytle RD, Nicotine for the treatment of Tourette's syndrome. Pharmacol Ther 1997;74:21-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin ED, Conners CK, Sparrow E, Nicotine effects on adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996;123(1):55-63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silver AA, Shytle RD, Sanberg PR. Mecamylamine in Tourette's syndrome: a two-year retrospective case study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2000;10(2):59-68
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silver AA, Shytle RD, Sheehan KH, Multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of mecamylamine monotherapy for Tourette's disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001;40(9):1103-10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Newschaffer C, Croen LA, Daniels J, The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders. Annu Rev Public Health 2007;28:235-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry EK, Lee MLW, Martin-Ruiz CM, Cholinergic activity in autism: abnormalities in the cerebral cortex and basal forebrain. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158(7):1058-66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin-Ruiz CM, Lee M, Perry RH, Molecular analysis of nicotinic receptor expression in autism. Mol Brain Res 2004;123(1-2):81-90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ray MA, Graham AJ, Lee M, Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits in autism: an immunohistochemical investigation in the thalamus. Neurobiol Dis 2005;19(3):366-77
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lippiello PM. Nicotinic cholinergic antagonists: a novel approach for the treatment of autism. Med Hypotheses 2006;66(5):985-90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Myers SM. The status of pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorders. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007;11:1579-603
   Google Scholar
• Bertrand S, Weiland S, Berkovic SF, Properties of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mutants from humans suffering from autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Br J Pharmacol 1998:125(4):751-760
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silva-Barrat C, Velluti J, Szente M, Exaggeration of epileptic-like patterns by nicotine receptor activation during the GABA withdrawal syndrome. Brain Res 2005;1042(2):133-43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Damaj MI, Glassco W, Dukat M, Martin BR. Pharmacological characterization of nicotine-induced seizures in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999;291(3):1284-91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Newman MB, Manresa JJ, Sanberg PR, Shytle RD. Nicotine induced seizures blocked by mecamylamine and its stereoisomers. Life Sci 2001;69(22):2583-91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aceto MD, Bentley HC, Dembinski JR. Effects of ganglion blocking agents on nicotine extensor convulsions and lethality in mice. Br J Pharmacol 1969;37(1):104-11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sacco KA, Bannon KL, George TP. Nicotinic receptor mechanisms and cognition in normal states and neuropsychiatric disorders. J Psychopharmacol 2004;18(4):457-74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shytle RD, Silver AA, Lukas RJ, Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as targets for antidepressants. Mol Psychiatry 2002;7(6):525-35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woznica AA, George TP. Exploiting nicotinic receptor mechanisms for the treatment of schizophrenia and depression. J Dual Diagnosis 2009;5(2):159-67
   Google Scholar
• George TP. Neurobiological links between nicotine addiction and schizophrenia. J Dual Diagnosis 2007 3(3/4):27-42
   Google Scholar
• Sacco KA, Bannon KL, George TP. Nicotinic receptor mechanisms and cognition in normal states and neuropsychiatric disorders. J Psychopharmacol 2004;18(4):457-74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar