Recent developments in the treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: focusing on biologic therapies

Bibliography

• Doria A, Iaccarino L, Ghirardello A, et al. Long-term prognosis and causes of death in systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 2006;119(8):700-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrell M, Shulman L. Determination of prognosis in chronic disease, illustrated by systemic lupus erythematosus. J Chronic Dis 1955;1(1):12-32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pistiner M, Wallace D, Nessim S, et al. Lupus erythematosus in the 1980s: a survey of 570 patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1991;21(1):55-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swaak A, Nossent J, Bronsveld W, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus. I. Outcome and survival: dutch experience with 110 patients studied prospectively. Ann Rheum Dis 1989;48(6):447-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen S, Petersen J, Ullman S, et al. Mortality and causes of death of 513 Danish patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Rheumatol 1999;28(2):75-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers S, Allen E, Rahman A, Isenberg D. Damage and mortality in a group of British patients with systemic lupus erythematosus followed up for over 10 years. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;48(6):673-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezalel S, Asher I, Elbirt D, Sthoeger ZM. Novel biological treatments for systemic lupus erythematosus; current and future modalities. Isr Med Assoc J 2012;14(8):508-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan OT, Madaio MP, Shlomchik MJ. The central and multiple roles of B cells in lupus pathogenesis. Immunol Rev 1999;169:107-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hostmann A, Jacobi AM, Mei H, et al. Peripheral B cell abnormalities and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2008;17(12):1064-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Z, Davidson A. Taming lupus-a new understanding of pathogenesis is leading to clinical advances. Nat Med 2012;18(6):871-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leadbetter EA, Rifkin IR, Hohlbaum AM, et al. Chromatin-IgG complexes activate B cells by dual engagement of IgM and toll-like receptors. Nature 2002;416(6881):603-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stohl W. Systemic lupus erythematosus and its ABCs (APRIL/BLyS complexes). Arthritis Res Ther 2010;12(2):111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan O, Shlomchik MJ. A new role for B cells in systemic autoimmunity: B cells promote spontaneous T cell activation in MRL-lpr/lpr mice. J Immunol 1998;160(1):51-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris DP, Haynes L, Sayles PC, et al. Reciprocal regulation of polarized cytokine production by effector B and T cells. Nat Immunol 2000;1(6):475-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traczewski P, Rudnicka L. Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus with epratuzumab. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011;71(2):175-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbuckle MR, McClain MT, Rubertone MV, et al. Development of autoantibodies before the clinical onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2003;349(16):1526-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yurasov S, Wardemann H, Hammersen J, et al. Defective B cell tolerance checkpoints in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Exp Med 2005;201(5):703-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappione A III, Anolik JH, Pugh-Bernard A, et al. Germinal center exclusion of autoreactive B cells is defective in human systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 2005;115(11):3205-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugh-Bernard AE, Silverman GJ, Cappione AJ, et al. Regulation of inherently autoreactive VH4-34 B cells in the maintenance of human B cell tolerance. J Clin Invest 2001;108(7):1061-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuiji M, Yurasov S, Velinzon K, et al. A checkpoint for autoreactivity in human IgM+ memory B cell development. J Exp Med 2006;203(2):393-400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maloney DG, Grillo-López AJ, White CA, et al. IDEC-C2B8 (Rituximab) anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy in patients with relapsed low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Blood 1997;90(6):2188-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falgarone G, Dhote R, Boissier MC. B-cell targeted treatments for lupus: the journey counts as much as the destination. Joint Bone Spine 2012;79(5):437-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards JC, Cambridge G. Sustained improvement in rheumatoid arthritis following a protocol designed to deplete B lymphocytes. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001;40(2):205-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards JC, Szczepanski L, Szechinski J, et al. B lymphocyte depletion therapy with rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2572-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu TY, Ng KP, Cambridge G, et al. A retrospective seven-year analysis of the use of B cell depletion therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus at University College London Hospital: the first fifty patients. Arthritis Rheum 2009;61(4):482-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thatayatikom A, White AJ. Rituximab: a promising therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 2006;5(1):18-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terrier B, Amoura Z, Ravaud P, et al. Safety and efficacy of rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus: results from 136 patients from the French autoImmunity and rituximab registry. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62(8):2458-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrill JT, Neuwelt CM, Wallace DJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in moderately-to-severely active systemic lupus erythematosus: the randomized, double-blind, phase II/III systemic lupus erythematosus evaluation of rituximab trial. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62(1):222-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rovin BH, Furie R, Latinis K, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active proliferative lupus nephritis: the Lupus Nephritis Assessment with Rituximab study. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64(4):1215-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanaba K, Bouaziz JD, Haas KM, et al. A regulatory B cell subset with a unique CD1dhiCD5+ phenotype controls T cell-dependent inflammatory responses. Immunity 2008;28(5):639-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsushita T, Yanaba K, Bouaziz JD, et al. Regulatory B cells inhibit EAE initiation in mice while other B cells promote disease progression. J Clin Invest 2008;118(10):3420-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uribe AG, McGwin G Jr, Reveille JD, Alarcón GS. What have we learned from a 10-year experience with the LUMINA (Lupus in Minorities; Nature vs. nurture) cohort? Where are we heading? Autoimmun Rev 2004;3(4):321-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepper R, Griffith M, Kirwan C, et al. Rituximab is an effective treatment for lupus nephritis and allows a reduction in maintenance steroids. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24(12):3717-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezeonyeji AN, Isenberg DA. Early treatment with rituximab in newly diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a steroid-sparing regimen. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012;51(3):476-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Condon MB, Ashby D, Pepper RJ, et al. Prospective observational single-centre cohort study to evaluate the effectiveness of treating lupus nephritis with rituximab and MMF but no oral steroids. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72(8):1280-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kausar F, Mustafa K, Sweis G, et al. Ocrelizumab: a step forward in the evolution of B-cell therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009;9(7):889-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mysler EF, Spindler AJ, Guzman R, et al. Efficacy and Safety of ocrelizumab in active proliferative lupus nephritis: results from a randomized, double-blind, phase III study. Arthritis Rheum 2013;65(9):2368-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnahan J, Stein R, Qu Z, et al. Epratuzumab, a CD22-targeting recombinant humanized antibody with a different mode of action from rituximab. Mol Immunol 2007;44(6):1331-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dörner T, Kaufmann J, Wegener WA, et al. Initial clinical trial of epratuzumab (humanized anti-CD22 antibody) for immunotherapy of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8(3):R74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petri M, Hobbs K, Gordon C, et al. Clinically meaningful improvements with epratuzumab (Anti-CD22 mAb Targeting B-cells) in patients with moderate/severe SLE flares: results from 2 randomized controlled trials. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67(2):53
   Google Scholar
• Moore PA, Belvedere O, Orr A, et al. BLyS: member of the tumor necrosis factor family and B lymphocyte stimulator. Science 1999;285(5425):260-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petri M, Stohl W, Chatham W, et al. Association of plasma B lymphocyte stimulator levels and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58(8):2453-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker KP, Edwards BM, Main SH, et al. Generation and characterization of LymphoStat-B, a human monoclonal antibody that antagonizes the bioactivities of B lymphocyte stimulator. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48(11):3253-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpern WG, Lappin P, Zanardi T, et al. Chronic administration of belimumab, a BLyS antagonist, decreases tissue and peripheral blood B-lymphocyte populations in cynomolgus monkeys: pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and toxicologic effects. Toxicol Sci 2006;91(2):586-99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace DJ, Stohl W, Furie RA, et al. A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of belimumab in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2009;61(9):1168-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarra SV, Guzmán RM, Gallacher AE, et al. Efficacy and safety of belimumab in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011;377(9767):721-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kan H, Collins C, Dall'Era M. Outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with high disease activity treated with Belimumab:results from an observational study on the United State (U.S) [abstract (THU0261)]. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72(3):91-2
   Google Scholar
• Bossen C, Schneider P. BAFF, APRIL and their receptors: structure, function and signaling. Semin Immunol 2006;18(5):263-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wofsy D, Gordon C, Licu D, et al. Pharmocodynamic effects of atacicept in SLE patients: 52 week data from the April-SLE trial [abstract (OP0119)]. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72(3):91-2
   Google Scholar
• Ginzler EM, Wax S, Rajeswaran A, et al. Atacicept in combination with MMF and corticosteroids in lupus nephritis: results of a prematurely terminated trial. Arthritis Res Ther 2012;14(1):R33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikly K, Manetta J, Smith H, Wierda D. Characterization of LY2127399, a neutralizing antibody for BAFF [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60:S693
   Google Scholar
• Genovese MC, Bojin S, Biagini IM, et al. Tabalumab in rheumatoid arthritis patients with an inadequate response to methotrexate and naive to biologic therapy: a phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2013;65(4):880-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furie R, Scheinberg M, Leon G, et al. Effects of blisibimod, a subcutaneous inhibitor of B cell activation factor, in patients with SLE [abstract (OP0116)]. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72(3):90-1
   Google Scholar
• Muller S, Monneaux F, Schall N, et al. Spliceosomal peptide P140 for immunotherapy of systemic lupus erythematosus: results of an early phase II clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58(12):3873-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmer R, Scherbarth HR, Rillo OL, et al. Lupuzor/P140 peptide in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb clinical trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2012. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schall N, Page N, Macri C, et al. Peptide-based approaches to treat lupus and other autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2012;39(3):143-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong W, Lahita RG. Novel treatments for systemic lupus erythematosus. Ther Adv Musculoskeletal Dis 2011;3(5):255-66
   Google Scholar
• Boumpas DT, Furie R, Manzi S, et al. A short course of BG9588 (anti-CD40 ligand antibody) improves serologic activity and decreases hematuria in patients with proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48(3):719-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalunian KC, Davis JC Jr, Merrill JT, IDEC-131 Lupus Study Group. Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus by inhibition of T cell costimulation with anti-CD154: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46(12):3251-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrill JT, Burgos-Vargas R, Westhovens R, et al. The efficacy and safety of abatacept in patients with non-life-threatening manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a twelve-month, multicenter, exploratory, phase IIb, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62(10):3077-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wofsy D, Hillson JL, Diamond B. Abatacept for lupus nephritis: alternative definitions of complete response support conflicting conclusions. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64(11):3660-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdam AJ, Chang TT, Lumelsky AE, et al. Mouse inducible co-stimulatory molecule (ICOS) expression is enhanced by CD28 costimulation and regulates differentiation of CD4+ T cells. J Immunol 2000;165(9):5035-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamoto M, Harigai M, Hara M, et al. Expression and function of inducible co-stimulator in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: possible involvement in excessive interferon-g and anti-double stranded DNA antibody production. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8(3):R62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chugh PK. Lupus: novel therapies in clinical development. Eur J Intern Med 2012;23(3):212-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chun HY, Chung JW, Kim HA, et al. Cytokine IL-6 and IL-10 as biomarkers in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Immunol 2007;27(5):461-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grondal G, Gunnarsson I, Ronnelid J, et al. Cytokine production, serum levels and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2000;18(5):565-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illei GG, Shirota Y, Yarboro CH. Tocilizumab in systemic lupuserythematosus: data on safety, preliminary efficacy, and impact on circulating plasma cells from an open-label phase I dosage-escalation study. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62(2):542-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson E, Robertson AD, Emlen W. Serum and urinary interleukin- 6 in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1996;5:571-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwano M, Dohi K, Hirata E, et al. Urinary levels of IL-6 in patients with active lupus nephritis. Clin Nephrol 1993;40:16-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai CY, Wu TH, Yu CL, et al. Increased excretions of 2-microglobulin, IL-6, and IL-8 and decreased excretion of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein in urine of patients with active lupus nephritis. Nephron 2000;85:207-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illei GG, Shirota Y, Yarboro CH. Tocilizumab in systemic lupus erythematosus: data on safety, preliminary efficacy, and impact on circulating plasma cells from an open-label phase I dosage-escalation study. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62(2):542-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santiago-Raber ML, Baccala R, Haraldsson KM, et al. Type-I interferon receptor deficiency reduces lupus-like disease in NZB mice. J Exp Med 2003;197(6):777-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilling PJ, Kurzrock R, Kantarjian H, et al. Development of systemic lupus erythematosus after interferon therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia. Cancer 1991;68(7):1536-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ioannou Y, Isenberg DA. Current evidence for the induction of autoimmune rheumatic manifestations by cytokine therapy [review]. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43(7):1431-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengtsson AA, Sturfelt G, Truedsson L, et al. Activation of type I interferon system in systemic lupus erythematosus correlates with disease activity but not with antiretroviral antibodies. Lupus 2000;9(9):664-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dall'Era MC, Cardarelli PM, Preston BT, et al. Type I interferon correlates with serological and clinical manifestations of SLE. Ann Rheum 2005;64(12):1692-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Criswell LA. The genetic contribution to systemic lupus erythematosus. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis 2008;66(3):176-83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sigurdsson S, Goring HH, Kristjansdottir G, et al. Comprehensive evaluation of the genetic variants of interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) reveals a novel 5 bp length polymorphism as strong risk factor for systemic lupus erythematosus. Hum Mol Genet 2008;17(6):872-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zagury D, Le Buanec H, Mathian A, et al. IFN alpha kinoid vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies prevent clinical manifestations in a lupus flare murine model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106(13):5294-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petri M, Wallace DJ, Spindler A, et al. Sifalimumab, a human anti-interferon-α monoclonal antibody, in systemic lupus erythematosus: a phase I randomized, controlled, dose-escalation study. Arthritis Rheum 2013;65(4):1011-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBride JM, Jiang J, Abbas AR, et al. Safety and pharmacodynamics of rontalizumab in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a phase I, placebo-controlled, double-blind, dose-escalation study. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64:3666-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauwerys BR, Hachulla E, Spertini F, et al. Down-regulation of interferon signature in systemic lupus erythematosus patients by active immunization with interferon alpha-kinoid. Arthritis Rheum 2013;65(2):447-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manzi S, Selzer F, Sutton-Tyrrell K, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of carotid plaque in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:51-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hak AE, Karlson EW, Feskanich D, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus and the risk of cardiovascular disease: results from the nurses' health study. Arthritis Rheum 2009;61:1396-402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nossent J, Cikes N, Kiss E, et al. Current causes of death in systemic lupus erythematosus in Europe, 2000–2004: relation to disease activity and damage accrual. Lupus 2007;16:309-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman MJ, Shanker BA, Davis A, et al. Prevalence and correlates of accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2399-406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman P, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, et al. The cholesterol lowering effect of antimalarial drugs is enhanced in patients with lupus taking corticosteroid drugs. J Rheumatol 1999;26:325-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiman AJ, Gladman DD, Ibanez D, Urowitz MB. Outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with and without a prolonged serologically active clinically quiescent period. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012;64:511-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Leuven SI, Mendez-Fernandez YV, Wilhelm AJ, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil but not atorvastatin attenuates atherosclerosis in lupus-prone LDLr(-/-) mice. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71:408-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D'Cruz D, et al. Immunosuppressive therapy in lupus nephritis: the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial, a randomized trial of low-dose versus high-dose IV cyclophosphamide. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:2121-213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D'Cruz D, et al. The 10-year followup data of the Euro-Lupus Nephritis trial comparing low-dose and high-dose IV cyclophosphamide. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:61-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginzler EM, Dooley MA, Aranow C, et al. MMF or IV cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med 2005;353(21):2219-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appel GB, Contreras G, Dooley MA, et al. MMF versus cyclophosphamide for induction treatment of lupus nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;20(5):1103-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terrier B, Amoura Z, Ravaud P, et al. Safety and efficacy of rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus: results from 136 patients from the French autoImmunity and Rituximab registry. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:2458-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto LF, Velásquez CJ, Prieto C, et al. Rituximab induces a rapid and sustained remission in Colombian patients with severe and refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2011;20(11):1219-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vital EM, Dass S, Buch MH, et al. B cell biomarkers of rituximab responses in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63(10):3038-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catapano F, Chaudhry AN, Jones RB, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of rituximab in refractory and relapsing systemic lupus erythematosus. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010;25(11):3586-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner-Stokes T, Lu TY, Ehrenstein MR, et al. The efficacy of repeated treatment with B-cell depletion therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus: an evaluation. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011;50(8):1401-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lateef A, Lahiri M, Teng GG, Vasoo S. Use of rituximab in the treatment of refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: singapore experience. Lupus 2010;19(6):765-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar