Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease and Rate of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Severe Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency COPD

References

• Laurell CB, Eriksson S. The serum alpha-L-antitrypsin in families with hypo-alpha-L-antitrypsinaemia. Clin Chim Acta. 1965;11(5):395–398. doi:10.1016/0009-8981(65)90184-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lomas DA, Mahadeva R. Alpha1-antitrypsin polymerization and the serpinopathies: pathobiology and prospects for therapy. J Clin Invest. 2002;110(11):1585–1590. doi:10.1172/JCI0216782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Needham M, Stockley RA. Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. 3: clinical manifestations and natural history. Thorax. 2004;59(5):441–445. doi:10.1136/thx.2003.006510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman KR, Burdon JG, Piitulainen E, et al. Intravenous augmentation treatment and lung density in severe α1 antitrypsin deficiency (RAPID): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;386(9991):3608. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60860-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill AT, Campbell EJ, Bayley DL, Hill SL, Stockley RA. Evidence for excessive bronchial inflammation during an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with alpha(1)-antitrypsin deficiency (PiZ). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160(6):1968–1975. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.160.6.9904097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Heart Network. European cardiovascular disease statistics 2017 edition; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Balbirsingh V, Mohammed AS, Turner AM, Newnham M. Cardiovascular disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a narrative review. Thorax. 2022;77(9):939–945. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-218333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Thomas J, Sadatsafavi M, FitzGerald JM. Risk of cardiovascular comorbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3(8):631–639. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00241-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan AD, Zakeri R, Quint JK. Defining the relationship between COPD and CVD: what are the implications for clinical practice? Therap Adv Respir Dis. 2018;12:1753465817750524. doi:10.1177/1753465817750524
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curkendall SM, DeLuise C, Jones JK, et al. Cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Saskatchewan Canada cardiovascular disease in COPD patients. Ann Epidemiol. 2006;16(1):63–70. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.04.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sin DD, Man SF. Why are patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases? The potential role of systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Circulation. 2003;107(11):1514–1519. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000056767.69054.B3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maclay JD, MacNee W. Cardiovascular disease in COPD: mechanisms. Chest. 2013;143(3):798–807. doi:10.1378/chest.12-0938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decramer M, Janssens W. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and comorbidities. Lancet Respir Med. 2013;1(1):73–83. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(12)70060-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Eeden S, Leipsic J, Paul Man SF, Sin DD. The relationship between lung inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(1):11–16. doi:10.1164/rccm.201203-0455PP
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(16):1685–1695. doi:10.1056/NEJMra043430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maclay JD, McAllister DA, Rabinovich R, et al. Systemic elastin degradation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2012;67(7):606–612. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson GC, Hurst JR, Smith CJ, Hubbard RB, Wedzicha JA. Increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke following exacerbation of COPD. Chest. 2010;137(5):1091–1097. doi:10.1378/chest.09-2029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilev M, Pottegård A, Lykkegaard J, Søndergaard J, Ingebrigtsen TS, Hallas J. Increased risk of major adverse cardiac events following the onset of acute exacerbations of COPD. Respirology. 2019;24(12):1183–1190. doi:10.1111/resp.13620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith DJ, Ellis PR, Turner AM. Exacerbations of Lung Disease in Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis. 2020;8(1):162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis PR, Holm KE, Choate R, et al. Quality of life and mortality outcomes for augmentation naïve and augmented patients with severe Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis. 2023;10(2):139–147. doi:10.15326/jcopdf.2022.0339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurst JR, Vestbo J, Anzueto A, et al. Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(12):1128–1138. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0909883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGarvey L, Lee AJ, Roberts J, Gruffydd-Jones K, McKnight E, Haughney J. Characterisation of the frequent exacerbator phenotype in COPD patients in a large UK primary care population. Respir Med. 2015;109(2):228–237. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2014.12.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP, et al. Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(4):347–357. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1812389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelshiker MA, Seligman H, Howard JP, et al. Coronary flow reserve and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(16):1582–1593. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Studio Team. Integrated Development for R. Boston, MA: RStudio, Inc.; 2015. Available from: http://www.rstudio.com/. Accessed January 8, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan EL, Meier P. Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc. 1958;53(282):457–481. doi:10.1080/01621459.1958.10501452
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ, et al. Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3–95-yr age range: the global lung function 2012 equations. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(6):1324–1343. doi:10.1183/09031936.00080312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fähndrich S, Biertz F, Karch A, et al. Cardiovascular risk in patients with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Respir Res. 2017;18(1):171. doi:10.1186/s12931-017-0655-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakanishi T, Forgetta V, Handa T, et al. The undiagnosed disease burden associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency genotypes. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(6):2001441. doi:10.1183/13993003.01441-2020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greulich T, Nell C, Hohmann D, et al. The prevalence of diagnosed α1-antitrypsin deficiency and its comorbidities: results from a large population-based database. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(1):1600154. doi:10.1183/13993003.00154-2016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lomas DA. 1-antitrypsin deficiency* 4: molecular pathophysiology. Thorax. 2004;59(6):529–535. doi:10.1136/thx.2003.006528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao J, Guihard PJ, Blazquez-Medela AM, et al. Serine protease activation essential for endothelial-mesenchymal transition in vascular calcification. Circ Res. 2015;117(9):758–769. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson EF, Tolkachjov SN, Gibson LE. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency panniculitis: clinical and pathologic characteristics of 10 cases. Int J Dermatol. 2018;57(8):952–958. doi:10.1111/ijd.14012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone H, Pye A, Stockley RA. Disease associations in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Respir Med. 2014;108(2):338–343. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2013.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis PR, Campbell EJ, Turner AM, Stockley RA. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: a predisposing factor for the development of pulmonary langerhans cell histiocytosis. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis. 2019;6(3):206–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duckers JM, Shale DJ, Stockley RA, et al. Cardiovascular and musculskeletal co-morbidities in patients with alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency. Respir Res. 2010;11(1):173. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-11-173
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernhard N, Lepper PM, Vogelmeier C, et al. Intensive smoking diminishes the differences in quality of life and exacerbation frequency between the alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency genotypes PiZZ and PiSZ. Respir Med. 2017;130:1–8. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2017.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auerbach O, Hammond EC, Garfinkel L. Smoking in relation to atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. N Engl J Med. 1965;273(15):775–779. doi:10.1056/NEJM196510072731501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph JJ, Deedwania P, Acharya T, et al. Comprehensive management of cardiovascular risk factors for adults with type 2 diabetes: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022;145(9):e722–e59. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luisetti M, Stolk J, Iadarola P. Desmosine, a biomarker for COPD: old and in the way. Eur Respir J. 2012;39(4):797–798. doi:10.1183/09031936.00172911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabinovich RA, Miller BE, Wrobel K, et al. Circulating desmosine levels do not predict emphysema progression but are associated with cardiovascular risk and mortality in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2016;47(5):1365–1373. doi:10.1183/13993003.01824-2015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang JT, Chaudhuri R, Albarbarawi O, et al. Clinical validity of plasma and urinary desmosine as biomarkers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2012;67(6):502–508. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma S, Lin YY, Turino GM. Measurements of desmosine and isodesmosine by mass spectrometry in COPD. Chest. 2007;131(5):1363–1371. doi:10.1378/chest.06-2251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma S, Lin YY, Cantor JO, et al. The effect of Alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor on biomarkers of elastin degradation in Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: an analysis of the RAPID/RAPID extension trials. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis. 2016;4(1):34–44. doi:10.15326/jcopdf.4.1.2016.0156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng Y, Hu L, Xu Q, et al. Cytoprotective role of Alpha-1 antitrypsin in vascular endothelial cell under hypoxia/reoxygenation condition. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2015;66(1):96–107. doi:10.1097/FJC.0000000000000250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West JB. Blood-flow, ventilation and gas exchange in the lung. Lancet. 1963;2(7316):1055–1058. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(63)90024-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mostafa AB, Tulley NJ, Harding LK, Stockley RA. Regional distribution of ventilation and perfusion in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Eur J Nucl Med. 1983;8(8):338–341. doi:10.1007/BF00253541
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Angelini ED, Yang J, Balte PP, et al. Pulmonary emphysema subtypes defined by unsupervised machine learning on CT scans. Thorax. 2023;78(11):1067–1079. doi:10.1136/thorax-2022-219158
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barr RG, Bluemke DA, Ahmed FS, et al. Percent emphysema, airflow obstruction, and impaired left ventricular filling. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(3):217–227. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0808836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunisaki KM, Dransfield MT, Anderson JA, et al. Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiac events. A post hoc cohort analysis from the SUMMIT Randomized Clinical Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198(1):51–57. doi:10.1164/rccm.201711-2239OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ejiofor SI, Stolk J, Fernandez P, Stockley RA. Patterns and characterization of COPD exacerbations using real-time data collection. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:427–434. doi:10.2147/COPD.S126158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barros-Tizon JC, Torres ML, Blanco I, Martinez MT. Reduction of severe exacerbations and hospitalization-derived costs in alpha-1-antitrypsin-deficient patients treated with alpha-1-antitrypsin augmentation therapy. Therap Adv Respir Dis. 2012;6(2):67–78. doi:10.1177/1753465812438387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edgar RG, Patel M, Bayliss S, Crossley D, Sapey E, Turner AM. Treatment of lung disease in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: a systematic review. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:1295–1308. doi:10.2147/COPD.S130440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miravitlles M, Chorostowska-Wynimko J, Ferrarotti I, et al. The European Alpha-1 Research Collaboration (EARCO): a new ERS Clinical Research Collaboration to promote research in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Eur Respir J. 2019;53(2):1900138. doi:10.1183/13993003.00138-2019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choate R, Mannino DM, Holm KE, Sandhaus RA. Comparing patients with ZZ versus SZ Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: findings from AlphaNet’s Disease Management Program. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis. 2018;6(1):29–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar