Huang Gan Formula Alleviates Systemic Inflammation and Uremia in Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease Rats May Associate with Modification of Gut Microbiota and Colonic Microenvironment

References

• Ruiz-Ortega M, Rayego-Mateos S, Lamas S, Ortiz A, Rodrigues-Diez RR. Targeting the progression of chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16(5):269–288. doi:10.1038/s41581-019-0248-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joachim J, Jürgen F, Danilo F, Michael B, Nikolaus M. Cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease: pathophysiological insights and therapeutic options. Circulation. 2021;143:11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung CK, Shen DD, Thummel KE, Himmelfarb J. Effects of chronic kidney disease and uremia on hepatic drug metabolism and transport. Kidney Int. 2014;85(3):522–528. doi:10.1038/ki.2013.399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Impellizzeri D, Esposito E, Attley J, Cuzzocrea S. Targeting inflammation: new therapeutic approaches in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Pharmacol Res. 2014;81:91–102. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2014.02.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen K, Kesper MS, Marschner JA, et al. Intestinal dysbiosis, barrier dysfunction, and bacterial translocation account for CKD-related systemic inflammation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28(1):76–83. doi:10.1681/ASN.2015111285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onal EM, Afsar B, Covic A, Vaziri ND, Kanbay M. Gut microbiota and inflammation in chronic kidney disease and their roles in the development of cardiovascular disease. Hypertens Res. 2019;42(2):123–140. doi:10.1038/s41440-018-0144-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mafra D, Lobo JC, Barros AF, et al. Role of altered intestinal microbiota in systemic inflammation and cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease. Future Microbiol. 2014;9(3):399–410. doi:10.2217/fmb.13.165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobby GP, Karaduta O, Dusio GF, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the gut microbiome. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2019;316(6):F1211–f7. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00298.2018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Zhou J, Wang S, et al. Indoxyl sulfate induces intestinal barrier injury through IRF1-DRP1 axis-mediated mitophagy impairment. Theranostics. 2020;10(16):7384–7400. doi:10.7150/thno.45455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade-Oliveira V, Foresto-Neto O, Watanabe IKM, Zatz R, Câmara NOS. Inflammation in renal diseases: new and old players. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:1192. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue SJ, Wang WX, Yu JG, et al. Gut microbiota modulation with traditional Chinese medicine: a system biology-driven approach. Pharmacol Res. 2019;148:104453. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang R, Hu B, Ye C, et al. Stewed rhubarb decoction ameliorates adenine-induced chronic renal failure in mice by regulating gut microbiota dysbiosis. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:842720. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.842720
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deng Q, Bu C, Mo L, et al. Huang gan formula eliminates the oxidative stress effects of advanced oxidation protein products on the divergent regulation of the expression of AGEs receptors via the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:4520916. doi:10.1155/2017/4520916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mo L, Xiao X, Song S, et al. Protective effect of Huang Gan formula in 5/6 nephrectomized rats by depressing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015;9:2867–2881. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S81157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng TH, Ma MC, Liao MT, et al. Indoxyl sulfate, a tubular toxin, contributes to the development of chronic kidney disease. Toxins. 2020;12(11):684. doi:10.3390/toxins12110684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xun T, Lin Z, Zhan X, et al. Advanced oxidation protein products upregulate efflux transporter expression and activity through activation of the Nrf-2-mediated signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2020;149:105342. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu H, Cao C, Wu Z, et al. The probiotic L. casei Zhang slows the progression of acute and chronic kidney disease. Cell Metab. 2021;33(10):1926–42.e8. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.06.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou F, Zou X, Zhang J, et al. Jian-Pi-Yi-shen formula ameliorates oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis by activating the Nrf2 signaling in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:630210. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.630210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouroju S, Rao P, Bitla AR, et al. Role of gut-derived uremic toxins on oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease. Indian J Nephrol. 2017;27(5):359–364. doi:10.4103/ijn.IJN_71_17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang W, Miikeda A, Zuckerman J, et al. Inhibition of microbiota-dependent TMAO production attenuates chronic kidney disease in mice. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):518. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80063-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai H, Su S, Li Y, et al. Danshen can interact with intestinal bacteria from normal and chronic renal failure rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;109:1758–1771. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang ZM, Yang L, Wan Y, et al. Integrated gut microbiota and fecal metabolomics reveal the renoprotective effect of rehmanniae radix preparata and corni fructus on adenine-induced CKD rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2021;1174:122728. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong J, Piceno YM, DeSantis TZ, et al. Expansion of urease- and uricase-containing, indole- and p-cresol-forming and contraction of short-chain fatty acid-producing intestinal microbiota in ESRD. Am J Nephrol. 2014;39(3):230–237. doi:10.1159/000360010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu M, Kim YJ, Kang DH. Indoxyl sulfate-induced endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease via an induction of oxidative stress. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(1):30–39. doi:10.2215/CJN.05340610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh A, De Vadder F, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Bäckhed F. From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites. Cell. 2016;165(6):1332–1345. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikami D, Kobayashi M, Uwada J, et al. Short-chain fatty acid mitigates adenine-induced chronic kidney disease via FFA2 and FFA3 pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2020;1865(6):158666. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoibian E, Florens N, Koppe L, Vidal H, Soulage CO. Distal colon motor dysfunction in mice with chronic kidney disease: putative role of uremic toxins. Toxins. 2018;10(5):204. doi:10.3390/toxins10050204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalif IL, Quigley EM, Konovitch EA, Maximova ID. Alterations in the colonic flora and intestinal permeability and evidence of immune activation in chronic constipation. Dig Liver Dis. 2005;37(11):838–849. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2005.06.008
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mishima E, Fukuda S, Shima H, et al. Alteration of the intestinal environment by lubiprostone is associated with amelioration of adenine-induced CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26(8):1787–1794. doi:10.1681/ASN.2014060530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rukavina Mikusic NL, Kouyoumdzian NM, Choi MR. Gut microbiota and chronic kidney disease: evidences and mechanisms that mediate a new communication in the gastrointestinal-renal axis. Pflugers Arch. 2020;472(3):303–320. doi:10.1007/s00424-020-02352-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang PC, Zhang YY, Chan MK, et al. The emerging role of innate immunity in chronic kidney diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(11):4018. doi:10.3390/ijms21114018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson JE, Phillips RJ, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Ghosh S. I kappa B-beta regulates the persistent response in a biphasic activation of NF-kappa B. Cell. 1995;80(4):573–582. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90511-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li HY, Hou FF, Zhang X, et al. Advanced oxidation protein products accelerate renal fibrosis in a remnant kidney model. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(2):528–538. doi:10.1681/ASN.2006070781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng H, Hu H, Zheng P, et al. AGE receptor 1 silencing enhances advanced oxidative protein product-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of human kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells via RAGE activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020;529(4):1201–1208. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xun T, Lin Z, Zhang M, et al. Advanced oxidation protein products upregulate ABCB1 expression and activity via HDAC2-Foxo3α-mediated signaling in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2022;449:116140. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2022.116140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar