Coronary Artery Fistula and Severe Coronary Artery Stenosis: A Case Report and an Insight for Potential Pathogenesis of Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis

References

• Ali M, Kassem KM, Osei K, et al. Coronary artery fistulae. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2019;48(2):345–351. doi:10.1007/s11239-019-01897-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maknojia A, Pride Y, Ghatak A, et al. Fistula between the first obtuse marginal branch of the left circumflex and the left ventricular cavity: a rare anomaly. Cureus. 2021;13(2):e13316. doi:10.7759/cureus.13316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turek Ł, Polewczyk A, Janion M, et al. Coronary artery fistula and premature coronary atherosclerosis. Cardiol J. 2019;26(3):296–297. doi:10.5603/cj.2019.0059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan YH, Ramji DP. Atherosclerosis: pathogenesis and key cellular processes, current and emerging therapies, key challenges, and future research directions. Methods Mol Biol. 2022;2419:3–19. doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1924-7_1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cunningham KS, Gotlieb AI. The role of shear stress in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Lab Invest. 2005;85(1):9–23. doi:10.1038/labinvest.3700215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wandwi WB, Mitsui N, Sueda T, et al. Coronary artery fistula to bronchial artery on contralateral side of coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial insufficiency. A case report. Angiology. 1996;47(2):211–213. doi:10.1177/000331979604700214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunetti ND, Cuculo A, Campanale EG, et al. Left coronary to pulmonary artery fistula in a patient with severe coronary atherosclerosis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011;40(4):e152. doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2011.05.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balanescu S, Sangiorgi G, Medda M, et al. Successful concomitant treatment of a coronary-to-pulmonary artery fistula and a left anterior descending artery stenosis using a single covered stent graft: a case report and literature review. J Interv Cardiol. 2002;15(3):209–213. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8183.2002.tb01059.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubini G, Ettorre GC, Sebastiani M, et al. alutazione del significato emodinamico delle fistole arterovenose coronariche: integrazione diagnostica tra angiografia coronarica e scintigrafia miocardica da sforzo/riposo [Evaluation of hemodynamic significance of arteriovenous coronary fistulas: diagnostic integration of coronary angiography and stress/rest myocardial scintigraphy]. Radiol Med. 2000;100(6):453–458. Italian.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sunkara A, Chebrolu LH, Chang SM, et al. Coronary artery fistula. Methodist DeBakey Cardiovasc J. 2017;13(2):78–80. doi:10.14797/mdcj-13-2-78
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Castedo E, Oteo JF, Burgos R, et al. Coronary artery fistula as a bypass of a left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;64(6):1813–1814. doi:10.1016/S0003-4975(97)00932-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negi S, Anand A. Atherosclerotic coronary heart disease-epidemiology, classification and management. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets. 2010;10:257–261. doi:10.2174/187152910793743832
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shah N, Kelly AM, Cox N, et al. Myocardial infarction in the ”young”: risk factors, presentation, management and prognosis. Heart Lung Circ. 2016;25:955–960. doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2016.04.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu -J-J, Usami S, Chien S. Vascular endothelial responses to altered shear stress: pathologic implications for atherosclerosis. Ann Med. 2009;41(1):19–28. doi:10.1080/07853890802186921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone GW, Maehara A, Lansky AJ, et al. A prospective natural-history study of coronary atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(3):226–235. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1002358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang EW, Wong CK, Herbison P. Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) hospital discharge risk score amortality post acute coronary syndrome accurately predicts long-term. Am Heart J. 2007;153:29–35. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2006.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terenzi DC, Trac JZ, Teoh H, et al. Vascular regenerative cell exhaustion in diabetes: translational opportunities to mitigate cardiometabolic risk. Trends Mol Med. 2019;25:640–655. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2019.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terenzi DC, Al-Omran M, Quan A, et al. Circulating pro-vascular progenitor cell depletion during type 2 diabetes: translational insights into the prevention of ischemic complications in diabetes. JACC. 2019;4:98–112. doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2018.10.005
   Google Scholar
• Fracassi F, Crea F, Sugiyama T, et al. Healed culprit plaques in patients with acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(18):2253–2263. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durand E, Scoazec A, Lafont A, et al. In vivo induction of endothelial apoptosis leads to vessel thrombosis and endothelial denudation: a clue to the understanding of the mechanisms of thrombotic plaque erosion. Circulation. 2004;109:2503–2506. doi:10.1161/01.Cir.0000130172.62481.90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergallo R, Crea F, Jarcho JA. Atherosclerotic plaque healing. New Engl J Med. 2020;383(9):846–857. doi:10.1056/NEJMra2000317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergallo R, Porto I, D’Amario D, et al. Coronary atherosclerotic phenotype and plaque healing in patients with recurrent acute coronary syndromes compared with patients with long-term clinical stability: an In Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography Study. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(4):321–329. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2019.0275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiti A. Atherosclerotic plaque healing. New Engl J Med. 2021;384:293–294. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2033613
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shimokado A, Matsuo Y, Kubo T, et al. In vivo optical coherence tomography imaging and histopathology of healed coronary plaques. Atherosclerosis. 2018;275:35–42. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.05.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar