504
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Behavioral Approaches to Pain

Are We Any Closer to Understanding How Chronic Pain Develops? A Systematic Search and Critical Narrative Review of Existing Chronic Pain Vulnerability Models

, , ORCID Icon, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 3145-3166 | Received 15 Mar 2023, Accepted 27 Jun 2023, Published online: 14 Sep 2023

References

  • IASP Task Force on Taxonomy. Part I: topics and Codes. Classification of Chronic Pain; IASP Press; 1994. 1.
  • Treede RD, Rief W, Barke A, et al. A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11. PAIN. 2015;156(6):1. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000160
  • Fayaz A, Croft P, Langford RM, Donaldson LJ, Jones GT. Prevalence of chronic pain in the UK: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population studies. BMJ Open. 2016;6(6):e010364. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010364
  • Breivik H, Collett B, Ventafridda V, Cohen R, Gallacher D. Survey of chronic pain in Europe: prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment. Eur J Pain. 2006;10(4):287–333. doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.06.009
  • Miles MB, Huberman MA. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. Sage publications, Inc; 1994.
  • Ward T. Why theory matters in correctional psychology. Aggress Violent Behav. 2019;48(August):36–45. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2019.08.015
  • Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine: levels of Evidence (March 2009) — centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM), University of Oxford. Available from: https://www.cebm.ox.ac.uk/resources/levels-of-evidence/oxford-centre-for-evidence-based-medicine-levels-of-evidence-march-2009. Accessed December 6, 2022.
  • Turk DC. A diathesis-stress model of chronic pain and disability following traumatic injury. Pain Res Manage. 2002;7(1):9–19. doi:10.1155/2002/252904
  • Lethem J, Slade PD, Troup JDG, Bentley G. Outline of a fear-avoidance model of exaggerated pain perception-I. Behav Res Ther. 1983;21(4):401–408. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(83)90009-8
  • Vlaeyen JWS, Linton SJ. Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain. 2000;85(3):317–332. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00242-0
  • Asmundson GJG, Coons MJ, Taylor S, Katz J. PTSD and the experience of pain: research and clinical implications of shared vulnerability and mutual maintenance models. Canadian J Psychiatry. 2002;47(10):930–937. doi:10.1177/070674370204701004
  • Sharp TJ, Harvey AG. Chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder: mutual maintenance? Clin Psychol Rev. 2001;21(6):857–877. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(00)00071-4
  • Engel GL. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science. 1977;196(4286):129–136. doi:10.1126/science.847460
  • Gatchel RJ, Peng YB, Peters ML, Fuchs PN, Turk DC. The biopsychosocial approach to chronic pain: scientific advances and future directions. Psychol Bull. 2007;133(4):581–624. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.581
  • Miaskowski C, Blyth F, Nicosia F, et al. A biopsychosocial model of chronic pain for older adults. Pain Med. 2019;1:1–13. doi:10.1093/pm/pnz329
  • Meredith P, Ownsworth T, Strong J. A review of the evidence linking adult attachment theory and chronic pain: presenting a conceptual model. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28(3):407–429. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.07.009
  • Breuer J, Freud S. Studies on Hysteria. Basic Books; 1895.
  • Wranker LS, Rennemark M, Elmståhl S, Berglund J. The influence of personality traits on perception of pain in older adults - Findings from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care - Blekinge study. Scandinavian J Pain. 2015;7:3–8. doi:10.1016/j.sjpain.2014.12.002
  • Strachan E, Poeschla B, Dansie E, Succop A, Chopko L, Afari N. Clinical and evoked pain, personality traits, and emotional states: can familial confounding explain the associations? J Psychosom Res. 2015;78(1):58–63. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.09.019
  • Naylor B, Boag S, Gustin SM. New evidence for a pain personality? A critical review of the last 120 years of pain and personality. Scandinavian J Pain. 2017;17:58–67. doi:10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.07.011
  • Walco GA, Krane EJ, Schmader KE, Weiner DK. Applying a lifespan developmental perspective to chronic pain: pediatrics to geriatrics. J Pain. 2016;17(9):T108–T117. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.11.003
  • Bigbee JL, Issel LM. Conceptual models for population-focused public health nursing interventions and outcomes: the state of the art. Public Health Nurs. 2012;29(4):370–379. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1446.2011.01006.x
  • Brady SS, Brubaker L, Fok CS, et al. Development of Conceptual Models to Guide Public Health Research, Practice, and Policy: synthesizing Traditional and Contemporary Paradigms. Health Promot Pract. 2020;21(4):510–524. doi:10.1177/1524839919890869
  • Parkkinen VP, Wallmann C, Wilde M, et al. An Introduction to Mechanisms. Evaluating Evidence of Mechanisms in Medicine: Principles and Procedures. Springer; 2018:11–21. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94610-8_2
  • Taylor S, Zvolensky MJ, Cox BJ, et al. Robust dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: development and initial validation of the anxiety sensitivity index-3. Psychol Assess. 2007;19(2):176–188. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.2.176
  • Leung L. Pain Catastrophizing: an Updated Review. Indian J Psychol Med. 2012;34(3):204–217. doi:10.4103/0253-7176.106012
  • Quartana PJ, Campbell CM, Edwards RR. Pain catastrophizing: a critical review. Expert Rev Neurother. 2009;9(5):745–758. doi:10.1586/ern.09.34
  • Martin AL, Halket E, Asmundson GJG, Flora DB, Katz J. Posttraumatic stress symptoms and the diathesis-stress model of chronic pain and disability in patients undergoing major surgery. Clin J Pain. 2010;26(6):518–527. doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181e15b98
  • Payne LA, Rapkin AJ, Lung KC, Seidman LC, Zeltzer LK, Tsao JCI. Pain Catastrophizing Predicts Menstrual Pain Ratings in Adolescent Girls with Chronic Pain. Pain Med. 2015;17(1):n/a–n/a. doi:10.1111/pme.12869
  • Rosenbloom BN, Katz J, Chin KYW, et al. Predicting pain outcomes after traumatic musculoskeletal injury. Pain. 2016;157(8):1733–1743. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000580
  • Cappucci S, Simons LE. Anxiety sensitivity and fear of pain in paediatric headache patients. Eur J Pain. 2015;19(2):246–252. doi:10.1002/ejp.542
  • Wong WS, Lam HM, Chow YF, et al. The effects of anxiety sensitivity, pain hypervigilance, and pain catastrophizing on quality of life outcomes of patients with chronic pain: a preliminary, cross-sectional analysis. Quality Res. 2014;23(8):2333–2341. doi:10.1007/s11136-014-0683-y
  • Slepian PM, Ankawi B, France CR. Longitudinal Analysis Supports a Fear-Avoidance Model That Incorporates Pain Resilience Alongside Pain Catastrophizing. Ann Behav Med. 2020;54(5):335–345. doi:10.1093/abm/kaz051
  • Zale EL, Ditre JW. Pain-related fear, disability, and the fear-avoidance model of chronic pain. Curr Opinion Psychol. 2015;5(5):24–30. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.03.014
  • Varallo G, Scarpina F, Giusti EM, et al. Does kinesiophobia mediate the relationship between pain intensity and disability in individuals with chronic low-back pain and obesity? Brain Sci. 2021;11(6):684. doi:10.3390/brainsci11060684
  • McGeary C, Nabity P, Reed D, et al. A test of the fear avoidance model to predict chronic pain outcomes in a polytrauma sample. NeuroRehabilitation. 2020;47(1):35–43. doi:10.3233/NRE-203084
  • Esteve R, Bendayan R, López-Martínez AE, Ramírez-Maestre C. Resilience and vulnerability factors when pain is acute as predictors of disability: findings from a two-year longitudinal study. Pain Med. 2017;18(11):2116–2125. doi:10.1093/pm/pnx053
  • Cushing CC, Kichline T, Friesen C, Schurman JV. Individual Differences in the Relationship Between Pain Fear, Avoidance, and Pain Severity in a Chronic Abdominal Pain Sample and the Moderating Effect of Child Age. Ann Behav Med. 2021;55(6):571–579. doi:10.1093/abm/kaaa096
  • Markfelder T, Pauli P. Fear of pain and pain intensity: meta-analysis and systematic review. Psychol Bull. 2020;146(5):411–450. doi:10.1037/bul0000228
  • Rogers AH, Farris SG. A meta-analysis of the associations of elements of the fear-avoidance model of chronic pain with negative affect, depression, anxiety, pain-related disability and pain intensity. Eur J Pain. 2022;26(8):1611–1635. doi:10.1002/ejp.1994
  • Jenewein J, Wittmann L, Moergeli H, Creutzig J, Schnyder U. Mutual influence of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and chronic pain among injured accident survivors: a longitudinal study. J Trauma Stress. 2009;20(3):n/a–n/a. doi:10.1002/jts.20453
  • Liedl A, O’Donnell M, Creamer M, et al. Support for the mutual maintenance of pain and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Psychol Med. 2010;40(7):1215–1223. doi:10.1017/S0033291709991310
  • de Vries V, de Jong AEE, Hofland HWC, Van Loey NE. Pain and posttraumatic stress symptom clusters: a cross-lagged study. Front Psychol. 2021;12(May):1–8. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.669231
  • Noel M, Vinall J, Tomfohr-Madsen L, Holley AL, Wilson AC, Palermo TM. Sleep Mediates the Association Between PTSD Symptoms and Chronic Pain in Youth. J Pain. 2018;19(1):67–75. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2017.09.002
  • Lebeaut A, Zegel M, Healy NA, Rogers AH, Buser SJ, Vujanovic AA. PTSD symptom severity, pain intensity, and pain-related disability among trauma-exposed firefighters: the moderating role of mindfulness. Mindfulness. 2022;13(3):786–798. doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01836-4
  • Pozzato I, Craig A, Gopinath B, et al. Outcomes after traffic injury: mental health comorbidity and relationship with pain interference. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):1–13. doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02601-4
  • Asmundson GJG, Katz J. Understanding the co-occurrence of anxiety disorders and chronic pain: state-of-The-art. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26(10):888–901. doi:10.1002/da.20600
  • Jastrowski Mano KE, O’bryan EM, Gibler RC, Beckmann E. The co-occurrence of pediatric chronic pain and anxiety: a theoretical review of a developmentally informed shared vulnerability model. Clin J Pain. 2019;35(12):989–1002. doi:10.1097/AJP.0000000000000763
  • Unseld M, Zeilinger EL, Fellinger M, et al. Prevalence of pain and its association with symptoms of post‐traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and distress in 846 cancer patients: a cross sectional study. Psycho-Oncology. 2021;30(4):504–510. doi:10.1002/pon.5595
  • López-Martínez AE, Ramírez-Maestre C, Esteve R. An examination of the structural link between post-traumatic stress symptoms and chronic pain in the framework of fear-avoidance models. Eur J Pain. 2014;18(8):1129–1138. doi:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2014.00459.x
  • Vail RE, Harridge SDR, Hodkinson PD, Green NDC, Pavlou M. A novel biopsychosocial approach to neck pain in military helicopter aircrew. Aerospace Med Human Performance. 2021;92(5):333–341. doi:10.3357/AMHP.5449.2021
  • Edwards RR, Dworkin RH, Sullivan MD, Turk DC, Wasan AD. The role of psychosocial processes in the development and maintenance of chronic pain. J Pain. 2016;17(9):T70–T92. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2016.01.001
  • McEwen BS. Brain on stress: how the social environment gets under the skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(SUPPL.2):17180–17185. doi:10.1073/pnas.1121254109
  • Kumari M, Head J, Bartley M, Stansfeld S, Kivimaki M. Maternal separation in childhood and diurnal cortisol patterns in mid-life: findings from the Whitehall II study. Psychol Med. 2013;43(3):633–643. doi:10.1017/S0033291712001353
  • Slopen N, McLaughlin KA, Dunn EC, Koenen KC. Childhood adversity and cell-mediated immunity in young adulthood: does type and timing matter? Brain Behav Immun. 2013;28(1):63–71. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.10.018
  • Iordanova Schistad E, Kong XY, Furberg AS, et al. A population-based study of inflammatory mechanisms and pain sensitivity. PAIN. 2019;161(2):1. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001731
  • Schistad EI, Stubhaug A, Furberg AS, Engdahl BL, Nielsen CS. C-reactive protein and cold-pressor tolerance in the general population. PAIN. 2017;158(7):1280–1288. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000912
  • Valdes AM, Ravipati S, Menni C, et al. Association of the resolvin precursor 17-HDHA, but not D-or E-series resolvins, with heat pain sensitivity and osteoarthritis pain in humans. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1–8. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09516-3
  • Hannibal KE, Bishop MD. Chronic stress, cortisol dysfunction, and pain: a psychoneuroendocrine rationale for stress management in pain rehabilitation. Phys Ther. 2014;94(12):1816–1825. doi:10.2522/ptj.20130597
  • Dean E, Gormsen Hansen R. Prescribing optimal nutrition and physical activity as “first-line” interventions for best practice management of chronic low-grade inflammation associated with osteoarthritis: evidence synthesis. Arthritis. 2012;2012(2):1–28. doi:10.1155/2012/560634
  • Hajat A, Allison M, Diez-Roux AV, et al. Long-term exposure to air pollution and markers of inflammation, coagulation, and endothelial activation a repeat-measures analysis in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (Mesa). Epidemiology. 2015;26(3):310–320. doi:10.1097/eDe.0000000000000267
  • Reiss F, Meyrose AK, Otto C, Lampert T, Klasen F, Ravens-Sieberer U. Socioeconomic status, stressful life situations and mental health problems in children and adolescents: results of the German BELLA cohort-study. PLoS One. 2019;14(3):1–16. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213700
  • Lopez-Garcia E, Schulze MB, Fung TT, et al. Major dietary patterns are related to plasma concentrations of markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(4):1029–1035. doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.4.1029
  • Hajat A, Hsia C, O’Neill MS. Socioeconomic disparities and air pollution exposure: a global review. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2015;2(4):440–450. doi:10.1007/s40572-015-0069-5
  • Oraison HM, Kennedy GA. The effect of social support in chronic back pain: number of treatment sessions and reported level of disability. Disabil Rehabil. 2021;43(11):1526–1531. doi:10.1080/09638288.2019.1668969
  • Sweeney L, Moss-Morris R, Czuber-Dochan W, Murrells T, Norton C. Developing a better biopsychosocial understanding of pain in inflammatory bowel disease: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;32(3):335–344. doi:10.1097/MEG.0000000000001615
  • Rabbitts JA, Palermo TM, Lang EA. A conceptual model of biopsychosocial mechanisms of transition from acute to chronic postsurgical pain in children and adolescents. J Pain Res. 2020;13:3071–3080. doi:10.2147/JPR.S239320
  • Falasinnu T, Drenkard C, Bao G, Mackey S, Lim SS. The problem of pain in systemic lupus erythematosus: an explication of the role of biopsychosocial mechanisms. J Rheumatol. 2021;48(8):1279–1289. doi:10.3899/jrheum.200595
  • Schreiber KL, Zinboonyahgoon N, Flowers KM, et al. Prediction of persistent pain severity and impact 12 months after breast surgery using comprehensive preoperative assessment of biopsychosocial pain modulators. Ann Surg Oncol. 2021;28(9):5015–5038. doi:10.1245/s10434-020-09479-2
  • Martínez-Borba V, Ripoll-Server P, Yakobov E, Suso-Ribera C. Predicting the physical and mental health status of individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain from a biopsychosocial perspective. Clin J Pain. 2021;37(3):211–218. doi:10.1097/AJP.0000000000000913
  • Murphy LK, Rights JD, Ricciuto A, Church PC, Ahola Kohut S. Biopsychosocial correlates of presence and intensity of pain in adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease. Front Pediatrics. 2020;8(September):1–9. doi:10.3389/fped.2020.00559
  • Kamper SJ, Apeldoorn AT, Chiarotto A, et al. Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2015;350:h444. doi:10.1136/bmj.h444
  • Sutton TE. Review of Attachment Theory: familial Predictors, Continuity and Change, and Intrapersonal and Relational Outcomes. Marriage Fam Rev. 2019;55(1):1–22. doi:10.1080/01494929.2018.1458001
  • Bowlby J. Attachment and Loss. Basic Books; 1969.
  • Esposito M, Parisi L, Gallai B, et al. Attachment styles in children affected by migraine without aura. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013;9:1513–1519. doi:10.2147/NDT.S52716
  • Laird KT, Preacher KJ, Walker LS. Attachment and adjustment in adolescents and young adults with a history of pediatric functional abdominal pain. Clin J Pain. 2015;31(2):152–158. doi:10.1097/AJP.0000000000000090
  • Meredith PJ, Strong J, Feeney JA. Evidence of a relationship between adult attachment variables and appraisals of chronic pain. Pain Res Manage. 2005;10(4):191–200. doi:10.1155/2005/745650
  • Nacak Y, Morawa E, Tuffner D, Erim Y. Insecure attachment style and cumulative traumatic life events in patients with somatoform pain disorder: a cross-sectional study. J Psychosom Res. 2017;103(October):77–82. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.10.003
  • Peñacoba C, Perez-Calvo S, Blanco S, Sanroman L. Attachment styles, pain intensity and emotional variables in women with fibromyalgia. Scand J Caring Sci. 2018;32(2):535–544. doi:10.1111/scs.12477
  • Savi L, Buccheri R, Tambornini A, De Martino P, Albasi C, Pinessi L. Attachment styles and headache. J Headache Pain. 2005;6(4):254–257. doi:10.1007/s10194-005-0200-3
  • Andersen TE, Sterling M, Maujean A, Meredith P. Attachment insecurity as a vulnerability factor in the development of chronic whiplash associated disorder – a prospective cohort study. J Psychosom Res. 2019;118(January):56–62. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.01.008
  • Andersen TE, Elklit A, Vase L. The relationship between chronic whiplash-associated disorder and post-traumatic stress: attachment-anxiety may be a vulnerability factor. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2011;2(1):5633. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.5633
  • Ravitz P, Maunder R, Hunter J, Sthankiya B, Lancee W. Adult attachment measures: a 25-year review. J Psychosom Res. 2010;69(4):419–432. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.08.006
  • Thompson RA, Simpson JA, Berlin LJ. Taking perspective on attachment theory and research: nine fundamental questions. Attach Hum Dev. 2022;24(5):543–560. doi:10.1080/14616734.2022.2030132
  • Kidd T, Hamer M, Steptoe A. Examining the association between adult attachment style and cortisol responses to acute stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011;36(6):771–779. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.10.014
  • Quirin M, Pruessner JC, Kuhl J. HPA system regulation and adult attachment anxiety: individual differences in reactive and awakening cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2008;33(5):581–590. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.01.013
  • Rossi P, Di Lorenzo G, Malpezzi MG, et al. Depressive Symptoms and Insecure Attachment as Predictors of Disability in a Clinical Population of Patients With Episodic and Chronic Migraine. J Head Face Pain. 2005;45(5):561–570. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2005.05110.x
  • Failo A, Giannotti M, Venuti P. Associations between attachment and pain: from infant to adolescent. SAGE Open Med. 2019;7:205031211987777. doi:10.1177/2050312119877771
  • Andrews NE, Meredith PJ, Strong J, Donohue GF. Adult attachment and approaches to activity engagement in chronic pain. Pain Res Manage. 2014;19(6):317–327. doi:10.1155/2014/838954
  • Amini Fasakhoudi M, Abbasi Z, Bakhshipour A, Mazaheri M. Structural relationship of anxious attachment style with pain catastrophizing, fear of pain, and vigilance to pain in cases without clinical pain. Iranian J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2022. doi:10.5812/ijpbs.111215
  • Ibrahim ME, Weber K, Courvoisier DS, Genevay S. Big five personality traits and disabling chronic low back pain: association with fear-avoidance, anxious and depressive moods. J Pain Res. 2020;13:745–754. doi:10.2147/JPR.S237522
  • Gustin SM, McKay JG, Petersen ET, Peck CC, Murray GM, Henderson LA. Subtle alterations in brain anatomy may change an individual’s personality in chronic pain. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e109664. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109664
  • Tasca C, Rapetti M, Carta MG, Fadda B. Women and hysteria in the history of mental health. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2012;8:110–119. doi:10.2174/1745017901208010110
  • Samulowitz A, Gremyr I, Eriksson E, Hensing G. “Brave Men” and “Emotional Women”: a Theory-Guided Literature Review on Gender Bias in Health Care and Gendered Norms towards Patients with Chronic Pain. Pain Res Manag. 2018;2018:6358624. doi:10.1155/2018/6358624
  • Gharavi Roudsari E, Mousavi Nasab SMH, Ghavidel-Parsa B, Yazdi F, Khezri Moghadam N. Personality and pain intensity in rheumatoid arthritis patients: the mediating role of pain catastrophizing and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Pers Individ Dif. 2022;186(PB):111390. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111390
  • Franklin ZC, Holmes PS, Smith NC, Fowler NE. Personality type influences attentional bias in individuals with chronic back pain. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):1–12. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147035
  • Goubert L, Crombez G, Van Damme S. The role of neuroticism, pain catastrophizing and pain-related fear in vigilance to pain: a structural equations approach. Pain. 2004;107(3):234–241. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2003.11.005
  • Weisberg JN. Personality and personality disorders in chronic pain. Curr Rev Pain. 2000;4(1):60–70. doi:10.1007/s11916-000-0011-9
  • Martinez-Calderon J, Flores-Cortes M, Morales-Asencio JM, Luque-Suarez A. Which psychological factors are involved in the onset and/or persistence of musculoskeletal pain? An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies. Clin J Pain. 2020;36(8):626–637. doi:10.1097/AJP.0000000000000838
  • Khan RS, Ahmed K, Blakeway E, et al. Catastrophizing: a predictive factor for postoperative pain. Am J Surgery. 2011;201(1):122–131. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2010.02.007
  • Yalcin I, Barrot M. The anxiodepressive comorbidity in chronic pain. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2014;27(5):520–527. doi:10.1097/ACO.0000000000000116
  • Jank R, Gallee A, Boeckle M, Fiegl S, Pieh C. Chronic pain and sleep disorders in primary care. Pain Res Treat. 2017;2017:34–37. doi:10.1155/2017/9081802
  • Okifuji A, Hare BD. The association between chronic pain and obesity. J Pain Res. 2015;8:399–408. doi:10.2147/JPR.S55598
  • Fayaz A, Ayis S, Panesar SS, Langford RM, Donaldson LJ. Assessing the relationship between chronic pain and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scandinavian J Pain. 2016;13(October):76–90. doi:10.1016/j.sjpain.2016.06.005
  • McBeth J, Symmons DP, Silman AJ, et al. Musculoskeletal pain is associated with a long-term increased risk of cancer and cardiovascular-related mortality. Rheumatology. 2009;48(1):74–77. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ken424
  • Walker LS, Dengler-Crish CM, Rippel S, Bruehl S. Functional abdominal pain in childhood and adolescence increases risk for chronic pain in adulthood. Pain. 2010;150(3):568–572. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.06.018
  • Hohmeister J, Demirakça S, Zohsel K, Flor H, Hermann C. Responses to pain in school-aged children with experience in a neonatal intensive care unit: cognitive aspects and maternal influences. Eur J Pain. 2009;13(1):94–101. doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.03.004
  • Goffaux P, Lafrenaye S, Morin M, Patural H, Demers G, Marchand S. Preterm births: can neonatal pain alter the development of endogenous gating systems? Eur J Pain. 2008;12(7):945–951. doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.01.003
  • Palermo TM, Valrie CR, Karlson CW. Family and parent influences on pediatric chronic pain: a developmental perspective. Am Psychol. 2014;69(2):142–152. doi:10.1037/a0035216
  • Davis DA, Luecken LJ, Zautra AJ. Are reports of childhood abuse related to the experience of chronic pain in adulthood? A meta-analytic review of the literature. Clin J Pain. 2005;21(5):398–405. doi:10.1097/01.ajp.0000149795.08746.31
  • Van Houdenhove B, Egle U, Luyten P. The role of life stress in fibromyalgia. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2005;7(5):365–370. doi:10.1007/s11926-005-0021-z
  • Grashorn W, Sprenger C, Forkmann K, Wrobel N, Bingel U. Age-Dependent Decline of Endogenous Pain Control: exploring the Effect of Expectation and Depression. PLoS One. 2013;8(9):e75629. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075629
  • Hoftun GB, Romundstad PR, Rygg M. Association of Parental Chronic Pain With Chronic Pain in the Adolescent and Young Adult: family Linkage Data From the HUNT Study. JAMA Pediatr. 2013;167(1):61–69. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.422
  • Thomas JG, Sharp PB. Mechanistic science: a new approach to comprehensive psychopathology research that relates psychological and biological phenomena. Clin Psychol Sci. 2019;7(2):196–215. doi:10.1177/2167702618810223
  • Jones AKP, Brown CA. Predictive mechanisms linking brain opioids to chronic pain vulnerability and resilience. Br J Pharmacol. 2018;175(14):2778–2790. doi:10.1111/bph.13840