176
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REVIEW

Diagnosis and Management Strategies in Sclerochoroidal Calcification: A Systematic Review

&
Pages 2665-2686 | Received 11 Apr 2023, Accepted 21 Jul 2023, Published online: 11 Sep 2023

References

  • Wong S, Zakov ZN, Albert DM. Scleral and choroidal calcifications in a patient with pseudohypoparathyroidism. Br J Ophthalmol. 1979;63(3):177–180. doi:10.1136/bjo.63.3.177
  • Goldstein BG, Miller J. Metastatic calcification of the choroid in a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism. Retina. 1982;2(2):76–79. doi:10.1097/00006982-198200220-00003
  • Lim JI, Goldberg MF. Idiopathic sclerochoroidal calcification. Case report. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107(8):1122–1123. doi:10.1001/archopht.1989.01070020188015
  • Sivalingam A, Shields CL, Shields JA, et al. Idiopathic sclerochoroidal calcification. Ophthalmology. 1991;98(5):720–724. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(91)32228-0
  • Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia, WB Saunders: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2017:25–26.
  • Shields JA, Shields CL. CME review: sclerochoroidal calcification: the 2001 Harold Gifford Lecture. Retina. 2002;22(3):251–261. doi:10.1097/00006982-200206000-00001
  • Berkow JW, Fine BS, Zimmerman LE. Unusual ocular calcification in hyperparathyroidism. Am J Ophthalmol. 1968;66(5):812–824. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(68)92795-5
  • Munier F, Zografos L, Schnyder P. Idiopathic sclerochoroidal calcification: new observations. Eur J Ophthalmol. 1991;1(4):167–172. doi:10.1177/112067219100100402
  • Kobune M, Neda H, Mogi Y, et al. Ectopic choroidal calcification of the eyes of a patient with parathyroid adenoma. Intern Med. 1993;32(1):57–59. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.32.57
  • Suzuki J, Takeda M, Sekine N, et al. Bilateral metastatic sclerochoroidal calcification in a patient with hyperparathyroidism. Ophthalmologica. 1992;205(1):10–14. doi:10.1159/000310304
  • Schachat AP, Robertson DM, Mieler WF, et al. Sclerochoroidal calcification. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110(2):196–199. doi:10.1001/archopht.1992.01080140052025
  • Saatci AO, Kaynak S, Kazanci L, Durak I, Tunc M. Calcification at the posterior pole in scleritis. A case report. Int Ophthalmol. 1996;20(5):285–287. doi:10.1007/BF00131925
  • McCabe CM, Mieler WF, Postel EA. Idiopathic sclerochoroidal calcification in a 41-year-old woman. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115(8):1082–1083. doi:10.1001/archopht.1997.01100160252023
  • Shields JA. Sclerochoroidal calcification in calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease (pseudogout). Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115(8):1077–1079. doi:10.1001/archopht.1997.01100160247021
  • Cohen SY, Guyot-Sionnest M, Puech M. Choroidal neovascularization as a late complication of hyperparathyroidism. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;126(2):320–322. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(98)00160-3
  • Bourcier T, Blain P, Massin P, Grünfeld JP, Gaudric A. Sclerochoroidal calcification associated with Gitelman syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;128(6):767–768. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(99)00277-9
  • Leys A, Stalmans P, Blanckaert J. Sclerochoroidal calcification with choroidal neovascularization. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118(6):854–857.
  • Zaheen M, Sellar W, Mucci B. Idiopathic sclerochoroidal calcification. Eye. 2000;14(4):681–684. doi:10.1038/eye.2000.176
  • Vezzoli G, Soldati L, Jansen A, Pierro L. Choroidal calcifications in patients with Gitelman’s syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36(4):855–858. doi:10.1053/ajkd.2000.17622
  • Honavar SG, Shields CL, Demirci H, Shields JA. Sclerochoroidal calcification: clinical manifestations and systemic associations. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119(6):833–840. doi:10.1001/archopht.119.6.833
  • Floegel I, Klein A, Langmann G. Metastatic sclerochoroidal calcification involving the fovea. Retina. 2002;22(4):503–505. doi:10.1097/00006982-200208000-00021
  • Cooke CA, McAvoy C, Best R. Idiopathic sclerochoroidal calcification. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87(2):245–246. doi:10.1136/bjo.87.2.245
  • Boutboul S, Bourcier T, Heligon JP, et al. Familial pseudotumoral sclerochoroidal calcification associated with chondrocalcinosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88(8):1094–1095. doi:10.1136/bjo.2003.039925
  • Kim M, Pian D, Ferrucci S. Idiopathic sclerochoroidal calcification. Optometry. 2004;75(8):487–495. doi:10.1016/S1529-1839(04)70173-6
  • Shields JA, Karatza EC, Shields CL, Cohen SB. Drusenlike deposits and sclerochoroidal calcification in a patient with glomerulonephritis. Retina. 2004;24(2):304–306. doi:10.1097/00006982-200404000-00020
  • Garuti S, Klais CM, Fisher YL, Peiretti E, Yannuzzi LA. Unusual clinical manifestation of sclerochoroidal calcifications. Retina. 2005;25(4):517–519. doi:10.1097/00006982-200506000-00020
  • Gupta R, Hu V, Reynolds T, Harrison R. Sclerochoroidal calcification associated with Gitelman syndrome and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition. J Clin Pathol. 2005;58(12):1334–1335. doi:10.1136/jcp.2005.027300
  • Sun H, Demirci H, Shields CL, Shields JA. Sclerochoroidal calcification in a patient with classic Bartter’s syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;139(2):365–366. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2004.07.054
  • Pakrou N, Craig JE. Idiopathic sclerochoroidal calcification in a 79-year-old woman. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2006;34(1):76–78. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9071.2006.01118.x
  • Lindstedt EW, van den Born LI, Veckeneer M, Baarsma GS. Sclerochoroidal calcification: idiopathic or associated with systemic disease? Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2007;1(3):141–144. doi:10.1097/01.ICB.0000279643.99324.93
  • Choi JY, Bianciotto C, Shields JA, Shields CL. Sclerochoroidal calcification in a patient with chronic hypercalcemia from undiagnosed parathyroid adenoma. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2009;3(4):431–433. doi:10.1097/ICB.0b013e31818ba944
  • Miller KV, Eller AW. Sclerochoroidal calcifications: wide-field imaging. Semin Ophthalmol. 2009;24(1):5–8. doi:10.1080/08820530802508595
  • Lee H, Kumar P, Deane J. Sclerochoroidal calcification associated with Albright’s hereditary osteodystrophy. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;2012:bcr0320126022. doi:10.1136/bcr-03-2012-6022
  • Yohannan J, Channa R, Dibernardo CW, et al. Sclerochoroidal calcifications imaged using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2012;20(3):190–192. doi:10.3109/09273948.2012.670358
  • Rao RC, Choudhry N, Gragoudas ES. Enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography findings in sclerochoroidal calcification. Retina. 2012;32(6):1226–1227. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182576e50
  • Hara K, Tanito M, Kodama T, Ohira A. A case of chorioretinal atrophy due to sclerochoroidal calcification. Acta Ophthalmol. 2013;91(2):e167–8. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2012.02470.x
  • Wong CM, Kawasaki BS. Idiopathic sclerochoroidal calcification. Optom Vis Sci. 2014;91(2):e32–7. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000000125
  • Caminal-Mitjana JM, Padrón-Pérez N, Arias-Barquet L, Rubio-Caso MJ, Català-Mora J. Correlation between spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and autofluorescence findings in sclerochoroidal calcification. Can J Ophthalmol. 2013;48(4):331–334. doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2013.01.024
  • Fung AT, Arias JD, Shields CL, Shields JA. Sclerochoroidal calcification is primarily a scleral condition based on enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131(7):960–963. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.67
  • Zhang J, Davis AS, Spitze A, Lee AG. Bilateral Adie’s tonic pupil and hyperopic shift in idiopathic sclerochoroidal calcification. Neuroophthalmology. 2015;39(2):96–99. doi:10.3109/01658107.2015.1004724
  • Hasanreisoglu M, Saktanasate J, Shields PW, Shields CL. Classification of sclerochoroidal calcification based on enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography “mountain-like” features. Retina. 2015;35(7):1407–1414. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000000468
  • Shields CL, Hasanreisoglu M, Saktanasate J, Shields PW, Seibel I, Shields JA. Sclerochoroidal calcification: clinical features, outcomes, and relationship with hypercalcemia and parathyroid adenoma in 179 eyes. Retina. 2015;35(3):547–554. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000000450
  • Bessette AP, Singh AD. Multimodal imaging of choroidal neovascularization associated with sclerochoroidal calcification. Ocul Oncol Pathol. 2016;2(4):234–238. doi:10.1159/000446214
  • Ali ZC, David VP. Sclerochoroidal calcification associated with hypovitaminosis D. Can J Ophthalmol. 2017;52(4):e121–e122. doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2017.02.001
  • Brahma VL, Shah SP, Chaudhry NA, Prenner JL. Bilateral idiopathic sclerochoroidal calcifications. Open Ophthalmol J. 2017;11:76–79. doi:10.2174/1874364101711010076
  • Sugarman JA, Douglass AM, Say EA, Shields CL. Stones, bones, groans, thrones, and psychiatric overtones: systemic associations of sclerochoroidal calcification. Oman J Ophthalmol. 2017;10(1):47–49. doi:10.4103/0974-620X.200693
  • Goerlitz-Jessen M, Ali MH, Grewal DS. Rare complication of sclerochoroidal calcifications. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2019;137(1):111–112. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.2457
  • Slean GR, Kalevar A, Chen J, Johnson R. Enlargement of sclerochoroidal calcifications: multimodal imaging update. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2018;12(1):S122–S124. doi:10.1097/ICB.0000000000000644
  • Abouzaid M, Al-Sharefi A, Artham S, Masri I, Kotagiri A, Joshi A. A rare ophthalmic condition associated with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT): sclerochoroidal calcification (SC). Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep. 2019;2019(1):19. doi:10.1530/EDM-19-0003
  • Ciaffi J, Borlandelli E, Mancarella L, Brusi V, Meliconi R, Ursini F. Sclerochoroidal calcifications associated with early-onset calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Clin Rheumatol. 2020;39(9):2825–2826. doi:10.1007/s10067-020-05148-7
  • Fortes BH, Dalvin LA, Bakri SJ. Multimodal imaging of sclerochoroidal calcification associated with choroidal neovascular membrane. Can J Ophthalmol. 2021;56(3):e98–e101. doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2020.11.007
  • Mitamura M, Kase S, Ishida S. Multimodal imaging in sclerochoroidal calcification: a case report and literature review. BMC Ophthalmol. 2020;20(1):248. doi:10.1186/s12886-020-01520-y
  • Sharifi M, Yousefi BT. Idiopathic dural optic nerve sheath calcification associated with sclerochoroidal calcification: case report and review of literatures. Case Rep Ophthalmol. 2021;12(2):402–406. doi:10.1159/000511339
  • Thomson AC, Brown GT, Dolores-Rodriguez A, Hunter AA. A case of extensive bilateral idiopathic sclerochoroidal calcification and review of literature. Int Med Case Rep J. 2021;14:749–755. doi:10.2147/IMCRJ.S336237
  • Battaglia Parodi M, Arrigo A, Pina A, et al. Choroidal neovascularization complicating sclerochoroidal calcifications. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2021;24:101235. doi:10.1016/j.ajoc.2021.101235
  • Lassandro NV, Danieli L, Nicolai M, Pirani V, Pelliccioni P, Mariotti C. Sclerochoroidal calcification as an incidental finding during oncological staging of a patient with parotid malignancy: a case report. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2022;32(4):NP67–NP70. doi:10.1177/1120672121999629
  • Dedina L, Chen TS, Durkin S, Little M. Choroidal neovascularization: a rare complication of sclerochoroidal calcification. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol. 2022;11(3):297. doi:10.1097/APO.0000000000000442
  • Nabih O, Hamdani H, El Maaloum L, Allali B, El Kettani A. Sclerochoroidal calcification associated with chondrocalcinosis: a clinical case. Ann Med Surg. 2022;74:103275. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103275
  • Šulavíková Z, Káčerik M, Šustykevičová Z, Krásnik V. Idiopathic sclerochoroidal calcifications. A case report. Cesk Slov Oftalmol. 2022;78(2):86–92. doi:10.31348/2022/12
  • Tetik D, Gündüz AK. Multimodal imaging including swept source optical coherence tomography angiography in a case with sclerochoroidal calcification. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2022;40:103054. doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103054
  • Nieves-Martínez IM, Villegas VM, Schwartz SG. Optical coherence tomography angiography findings in sclerochoroidal calcification. P R Health Sci J. 2022;41(1):41–44.
  • Stevenson M, Pagnamenta AT, Mack HG, et al. The Bartter-Gitelman spectrum: 50-year follow-up with revision of diagnosis after whole-genome sequencing. J Endocr Soc. 2022;6(7):bvac079. doi:10.1210/jendso/bvac079
  • Yildirim TD, Mammadov T, Saatci AO, Sari I. Bilateral sclerochoroidal calcification in a patient with calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Rheumatology. 2023;62(6):e207–e208. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keac633
  • Mani X, Johnson R. A case of sclerochoroidal calcification masquerading as a retained intraocular foreign body. Radiol Case Rep. 2023;18(5):2034–2038. doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2023.02.049
  • Shields CL, Kalafatis NE, Gad M, et al. Metastatic tumours to the eye. Review of metastasis to the iris, ciliary body, choroid, retina, optic disc, vitreous, and/or lens capsule. Eye. 2023;37(5):809–814. doi:10.1038/s41433-022-02015-4
  • Arepalli S, Kaliki S, Shields CL. Choroidal metastases: origin, features, and therapy. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2015;63(2):122–127. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.154380
  • Shields JA, Shields CL. Posterior uveal melanoma: clinical features. In: Shields JA, Shields CL, editors. Intraocular Tumors. An Atlas and Textbook. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2008:80–615.
  • Mashayekhi A, Shukla SY, Shields JA, Shields CL. Choroidal lymphoma: clinical features and association with systemic lymphoma. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(1):342–351. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.06.046
  • Shields CL, Shields JA, Augsburger JJ. Choroidal osteoma. Surv Ophthalmol. 1988;33(1):17–27. doi:10.1016/0039-6257(88)90069-0
  • Shields CL, Sun H, Demirci H, Shields JA. Factors predictive of tumor growth, tumor decalcification, choroidal neovascularization, and visual outcome in 74 eyes with choroidal osteoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123(12):1658–1666. doi:10.1001/archopht.123.12.1658
  • Shields CL, Honavar SG, Shields JA, Cater J, Demirci H. Circumscribed choroidal hemangioma: clinical manifestations and factors predictive of visual outcome in 200 consecutive cases. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(12):2237–2248. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(01)00812-0