Continuous Eplerenone Treatment in Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: Long-Term Results from a Pilot Study

References

• Kitzmann AS, Pulido JS, Diehl NN, Hodge DO, Burke JP. The incidence of central serous chorioretinopathy in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1980-2002. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(1):169–173. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.02.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rijssen van TJ, Dijk van EHC, Yzer S, et al. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Central serous chorioretinopathy: towards an evidence-based treatment guideline. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2019;73(July):100770. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.07.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong KH, Lau KP, Chhablani J, Tao Y, Li Q, Wong IY. Central serous chorioretinopathy: what we have learnt so far. Acta Ophthalmol. 2016;94(4):321–325. doi:10.1111/aos.12779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daruich A, Matet A, Dirani A, et al. Oral Mineralocorticoid-Receptor Antagonists: real-Life Experience in Clinical Subtypes of Nonresolving Central Serous Chorioretinopathy With Chronic Epitheliopathy. Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol. 2016;5(2):2. doi:10.1167/tvst.5.2.2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toto L, Ruggeri ML, Evangelista F, et al. Choroidal modifications assessed by means of choroidal vascularity index after oral eplerenone treatment in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Eye. 2022;37(6):1214–1218. doi:10.1038/s41433-022-02091-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gawęcki M, Grzybowski A. Ganglion Cell Loss in the Course of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmol. Ther. 2023;12(1):517–533. doi:10.1007/s40123-022-00625-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chhablani J, Cohen FB, Aymard P, et al. Multimodal Imaging-Based Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Classification. Ophthalmol Retin. 2020;4(11):1043–1046. doi:10.1016/j.oret.2020.07.026
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Dijk EHC, Fauser S, Breukink MB, et al. Half-Dose Photodynamic Therapy versus High-Density Subthreshold Micropulse Laser Treatment in Patients with Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: the PLACE Trial. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(10):1547–1555. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.04.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacconi R, Borrelli E, Querques G. Eplerenone for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Lancet. 2020;396(10262):1556. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31610-X
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dansingani KK, Balaratnasingam C, Naysan J, Freund KB. EN FACE IMAGING OF PACHYCHOROID SPECTRUM DISORDERS WITH SWEPT-SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY. Retina. 2016;36(3):499–516. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000000742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yun C, Huh J, Ahn SM, et al. Choriocapillaris flow features and choroidal vasculature in the fellow eyes of patients with acute central serous chorioretinopathy. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2019;257(1):57–70. doi:10.1007/s00417-018-4179-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iacono P, Toto L, Costanzo E, Varano M, Parravano MC. Pharmacotherapy of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: a Review of the Current Treatments. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2018;24(41):4864–4873. doi:10.2174/1381612825666190123165914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotery A, Sivaprasad S, O’Connell A, et al. Eplerenone for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy in patients with active, previously untreated disease for more than 4 months (VICI): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2020;395(10220):294–303. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32981-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zola M, Daruich A, Matet A, Mantel I, Behar-Cohen F. Two-year follow-up of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2019;103(8):1184–1189. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao SS, Jia Y, Zhang M, et al. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science. 2016;57(9):OCT27. doi:10.1167/iovs.15-19043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinojima A, Kawamura A, Mori R, Fujita K, Yuzawa M. Findings of Optical Coherence Tomographic Angiography at the Choriocapillaris Level in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Int. J. Ophthalmol. 2016;236(2):108–113.
   Google Scholar
• Teussink MM, Breukink MB, van Grinsven MJJP, et al. OCT Angiography Compared to Fluorescein and Indocyanine Green Angiography in Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2015;56(9):5229–5237. doi:10.1167/iovs.15-17140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iovino C, Pellegrini M, Bernabei F, et al. Choroidal Vascularity Index: an In-Depth Analysis of This Novel Optical Coherence Tomography Parameter. J. Clin. Med. 2020;9(2):595. doi:10.3390/jcm9020595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Rijssen TJ, Singh SR, van Dijk EHC, et al. Prospective evaluation of changes in choroidal vascularity index after half-dose photodynamic therapy versus micropulse laser treatment in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020;258(6):1191–1197. doi:10.1007/s00417-020-04619-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byon I, Nassisi M, Borrelli E, Sadda SR. Impact of Slab Selection on Quantification of Choriocapillaris Flow Deficits by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. Am J Ophthalmol. 2019;208:397–405. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2019.08.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrity ST, Iafe NA, Phasukkijwatana N, Chen X, Sarraf D. Quantitative Analysis of Three Distinct Retinal Capillary Plexuses in Healthy Eyes Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2017;58(12):5548–5555. doi:10.1167/iovs.17-22036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bousquet E, Dhundass M, Lejoyeux R, et al. Predictive Factors of Response to Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Nonresolving Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2019;198:80–87. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2018.09.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viggiano P, Grassi MO, Pignataro M, et al. Topographical Analysis of the Choriocapillaris Reperfusion After Loading Anti-VEGF Therapy in Neovascular AMD. Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol. 2022;11(9):18. doi:10.1167/tvst.11.9.18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ober MD, Yannuzzi LA, Do DV, et al. Photodynamic therapy for focal retinal pigment epithelial leaks secondary to central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2005;112(12):2088–2094. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.06.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canakis C, Livir-Rallatos C, Panayiotis Z, et al. Ocular photodynamic therapy for serous macular detachment in the diffuse retinal pigment epitheliopathy variant of idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136(4):750–752. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(03)00397-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh AHC. Photodynamic Therapy for Focal RPE Leaks. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(11):2110.e1–2110.e3. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.06.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujita K, Imamura Y, Shinoda K, et al. Quantification of metamorphopsia in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy after half-dose verteporfin photodynamic therapy. Retina. 2014;34(5):964–970. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000000027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koytak A, Erol K, Coskun E, Asik N, Öztürk H, Özertürk Y. Fluorescein angiography-guided photodynamic therapy with half-dose verteporfin for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina. 2010;30(10):1698–1703. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181da4354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Z, Huang Y, Nie C, et al. Efficacy and safety of subthreshold micropulse laser compared with threshold conventional laser in central serous chorioretinopathy. Eye. 2020;34(9):1592–1599. doi:10.1038/s41433-019-0692-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartollino S, Semeraro F, Morescalchi F, et al. Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: pathogenesis and Management. Clin Ophthalmol. 2019;13:2341–2352. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S220845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JY, Park HS, Kim SY. Short-term efficacy of subthreshold micropulse yellow laser (577-nm) photocoagulation for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 2015;253(12):2129–2135. doi:10.1007/s00417-015-2965-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Struthers A, Krum H, Williams GH. A comparison of the aldosterone-blocking agents eplerenone and spironolactone. Clin. Cardiol. 2008;31(4):153–158. doi:10.1002/clc.20324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA, CDER. Highlights of prescribing information. Available from: www.fda.gov/medwatch. Accessed December 11, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Haimovici R, Rumelt S, Melby J. Endocrine abnormalities in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(4):698–703. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(02)01975-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daruich A, Matet A, Dirani A, et al. Central serous chorioretinopathy: recent findings and new physiopathology hypothesis. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2015;48:82–118. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao M, Célérier I, Bousquet E, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor is involved in rat and human ocular chorioretinopathy. J. Clin. Invest. 2012;122(7):2672–2679. doi:10.1172/JCI61427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bousquet E, Beydoun T, Zhao M, Hassan L, Offret O, Behar-Cohen F. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism in the treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: a pilot study. Retina. 2013;33(10):2096–2102. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e318297a07a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gergely R, Kovács I, Schneider M, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist treatment in bilateral chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: a comparative study of exudative and nonexudative fellow eyes. Retina. 2017;37(6):1084–1091. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000001303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petkovsek DS, Cherfan DG, Conti FF, et al. Eplerenone for the treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: 3-year clinical experience. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2020;104(2):182–187. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrow DJ, Hoang QV, Freund KB. Pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy. Retina. 2013;33(8):1659–1672. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182953df4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghadiali Q, Jung JJ, Yu S, Patel SN, Yannuzzi LA. Central serous chorioretinopathy treated with mineralocorticoid antagonists: a one-year pilot study. Retina. 2016;36(3):611–618. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000000748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho M, Lai FHP, Ng DSC, et al. Analysis of choriocapillaris perfusion and choroidal layer changes in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy randomised to micropulse laser or photodynamic therapy. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2021;105(4):555–560. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar