A Comparison of Black and Non-Black Patients in the Presentation and Treatment of Keratoconus

References

• Gokhale NS. Epidemiology of keratoconus. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2013;61(8):382–383. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.116054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashemi H, Heydarian S, Hooshmand E, et al. The prevalence and risk factors for keratoconus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cornea. 2020;39(2):263–270. doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000002150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman BH, Kozak A, Sheth S, et al. Keratoconus. EyeWiki. Available from: https://eyewiki.aao.org/Keratoconus. Accessed January 4, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Arnalich-Montiel F, Alió Del Barrio JL, Alió JL. Corneal surgery in keratoconus: which type, which technique, which outcomes? Eye Vis. 2016;3:2. doi:10.1186/s40662-016-0033-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Randleman JB, Khandelwal SS, Hafezi F. Corneal cross-linking. Surv Ophthalmol. 2015;60(6):509–523. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galvis V, Tello A, Ortiz AI, et al. Patient selection for corneal collagen cross-linking: an updated review. Clin Ophthalmol. 2017;11:657–668. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S101386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad TR, Kong AW, Turner ML, et al. Socioeconomic Correlates of Keratoconus Severity and Progression. Cornea. 2023;42(1):60–65. doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000002993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szczepura A. Access to health care for ethnic minority populations. Postgrad Med J. 2005;81(953):141–147. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2004.026237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groman R, Ginsburg J. American College of Physicians. Racial and ethnic disparities in health care: a position paper of the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(3):226–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamins MR, Silva A, Saiyed NS, et al. Comparison of all-cause mortality rates and inequities between black and white populations across the 30 most populous US cities. JAMA Network Open. 2021;4(1):e2032086. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.32086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckenlaible NJ, Dun C, Prescott C, et al. Predictors of receiving keratoplasty for fuchs’ endothelial corneal dystrophy among medicare beneficiaries. Ophthalmology. 2023;130(1):28–38. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.07.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahr MA, Hodge DO, Erie JC. Racial/ethnic differences in rates of complex cataract surgery among United States Medicare beneficiaries. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2018;44(2):140–143. doi:10.1016/j.jcrs.2017.10.049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu M, Wang SY, Singh K, et al. Racial disparities in uncorrected and undercorrected refractive error in the United States. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55(10):6996–7005. doi:10.1167/iovs.13-12662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein JD, Talwar N, LaVerne AM, et al. Racial disparities in the use of ancillary testing to evaluate individuals with open-angle Glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130(12):1579–1588. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2012.1325
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barsegian A, Kotlyar B, Lee J, et al. Diabetic retinopathy: focus on minority populations. Int J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;3(1):034–45. doi:10.17352/ijcem.000027
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phillips PH, Newman NJ, Lynn MJ. Optic Neuritis in African Americans. Arch Neurol. 1998;55(2):186–192. doi:10.1001/archneur.55.2.186
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Halawa OA, Jin Q, Pasquale LR, et al. Race and ethnicity differences in disease severity and visual field progression among glaucoma patients. Am J Ophthalmol. 2022;242:69–76. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2022.05.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson AC, Vu DM, Cowan LA, et al. Factors associated with interventions after laser peripheral iridotomy for primary angle-closure spectrum diagnoses. Ophthalmol Glaucoma. 2019;2(3):192–200. doi:10.1016/j.ogla.2019.03.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Belin MW, Kundu G, Shetty N, et al. ABCD: a new classification for keratoconus. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020;68(12):2831–2834. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_2078_20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshmukh R, Hafezi F, Kymionis GD, et al. Current concepts in crosslinking thin corneas. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2019;67(1):8–15. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_1403_18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman BH, Bernfeld E, Reddy V, et al. Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking. EyeWiki. Available from: https://eyewiki.aao.org/Corneal_Collagen_Cross-Linking. Accessed April 10, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Mwanza JC, Tulenko SE, Budenz DL, et al. Longitudinal change in central corneal thickness in the tema eye survey. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;186:10–18. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2017.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon MO, Beiser JA, Brandt JD, et al. The ocular hypertension treatment study: baseline factors that predict the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120(6):714–830. doi:10.1001/archopht.120.6.714
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brandt JD, Beiser JA, Kass MA, et al. Central corneal thickness in the ocular hypertension treatment study (OHTS). Ophthalmology. 2001;108(10):1779–1788. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(01)00760-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haseltine SJ, Pae J, Ehrlich JR, et al. Variation in corneal hysteresis and central corneal thickness among black, Hispanic and white subjects. Acta Ophthalmol. 2012;90(8):e626–e631. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2012.02509.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugent L, Son HS, Wang J, et al. Racial variation in visual impairment of patients with keratoconus at presentation. Cornea. 2023. doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000003302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borderie VM, Boëlle PY, Touzeau O, et al. Predicted long-term outcome of corneal transplantation. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(12):2354–2360. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.05.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godefrooij DA, de Wit GA, Uiterwaal CS, et al. Age-specific incidence and prevalence of keratoconus: a nationwide registration study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2017;175:169–172. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2016.12.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugar J, Macsai MS. What causes keratoconus? Cornea. 2012;31(6):716–719. doi:10.1097/ICO.0b013e31823f8c72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang K, Gu Y, Xu L, et al. Distribution of pediatric keratoconus by different age and gender groups. Front Pediatr. 2022;10:937246. doi:10.3389/fped.2022.937246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idan E, Xing A, Ivory J, et al. Sociodemographic Correlates of Medical Mistrust among African American Men Living in the East Bay. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2020;31(1):115–127. doi:10.1353/hpu.2020.0012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohn H. Racial and ethnic disparities in health insurance coverage: dynamics of gaining and losing coverage over the life-course. Popul Res Policy Rev. 2017;36(2):181–201. doi:10.1007/s11113-016-9416-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulware LE, Cooper LA, Ratner LE, et al. Race and trust in the health care system. Public Health Rep. 2003;118(4):358–365. doi:10.1016/S0033-3549(04)50262-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman EN, Kaatz A, Carnes M. Physicians and implicit bias: how doctors may unwittingly perpetuate health care disparities. J Gen Intern Med. 2013;28(11):1504–1510. doi:10.1007/s11606-013-2441-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo Clinic. Mayo foundation for medical education and research. Keratoconus. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/keratoconus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351357. Accessed April 10, 2023.
   Google Scholar