Exploration of witnessing community violence and recent death on child behavioural outcomes

References

• Alvis, L., Zhang, N., Sandler, I., & Kaplow, J. (2023). Developmental manifestations of grief in children and adolescents: Caregivers as key grief facilitators. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 16(2), 447–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-021-00435-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benhorin, S., & McMahon, S. D. (2008). Exposure to violence and aggression: Protective roles of social support among urban African American youth. Journal of Community Psychology, 36, 723–743. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, M., & Joe, S. (2015). Exposure to community violence, suicidality, and psychological distress among African American and Latino youths: Findings from the CDC youth violence survey. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 25(8), 775–789. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2014.922795
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berge, J. M., Tate, A., Trofholz, A., Fertig, A. R., Miner, M., Crow, S., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2017a). Momentary parental stress and food-related parenting practices. Pediatrics, 140(6). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-2295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berge, J. M., Trofholz, A., Tate, A. D., Beebe, M., Fertig, A., Miner, M. H. et al. (2017b). Examining unanswered questions about the home environment and childhood obesity disparities using an incremental, mixed-methods, longitudinal study design: The Family Matters study. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 62, 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.08.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borum, R. (2000). Assessing violence risk among youth. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(10), 1263–1288. doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(200010)56:10<1263::AID-JCLP3>3.0.CO;2-D
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd-Swan, C., Herbst, C., Ifcher, J., & Zarghamee, H. (2016). The earned income tax credit, mental health, and happiness. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 126, 18–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2015.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brugha, T., & Cragg, D. (1990). The List of Threatening Experiences: The reliability and validity of a brief life events questionnaire. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 82(1), 77–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb01360.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byles, J., Boyle, M., Byrne, C., & Offord, D. (1988). Ontario child health study: Reliability and validity of the general functioning subscale of the McMaster Family Assessment Device. Family Process, 27, 97–10. doi: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.1988.00097.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooley-Quille, M., Boyd, R. C., Frantz, E., & Walsh, J. (2001). Emotional and behavioral impact of exposure to community violence in inner-city adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30(2), 199–206. doi: 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3002_7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David-Ferdon, C., Vivolo-Kantor, A. M., Dahlberg, L. L., Marshall, K. J., Rainford, N. & Hall, J. E. (2016). A comprehensive technical package for the prevention of youth violence and associated risk behaviours. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• DaViera, A., & Roy, A. (2020). Chicago youths’ exposure to community violence: contextualizing spatial dynamics of violence and the relationship with psychological functioning. American Journal of Community Psychology, 65(3–4), 332–342. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deane, K., Richards, M., Mozley, M., Scott, D., Rice, C., & Garbarino, J. (2018). Posttraumatic stress, family functioning, and externalising in adolescents exposed to violence: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 47(1), S176–S189. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2016.1197836
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dillen, L., Fontaine, J. R. J., & Verhofstadt-Denève, L. (2009). Confirming the distinctiveness of complicated grief from depression and anxiety among adolescents. Death Studies, 33(5), 437–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180902805673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowdney, L. (2000). Annotation: Childhood bereavement following parental death. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 41, 819–830. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021963099006216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, G., Li, D., & Whipple, S. (2013). Cumulative risk and child development. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 1342-1396. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R., Turner, H., & Hamby, S. L. (2005). The victimization of children and youth: A comprehensive, national survey. Child Maltreatment, 10, 5–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559504271287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., Shattuck, A., & Hamby, S. (2015). Prevalence of childhood exposure to violence, crime, and abuse: Results from the national survey of children’s exposure to violence. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(8), 746–754. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foell, A., Pitzer, K., Nebbitt, V., Lombe, M., Yu, M., Villodas, M., & Newransky, C. (2021). Exposure to community violence and depressive symptoms: Examining community, family, and peer effects among public housing youth. Journal of Health and Place, 69, 102579–102579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler, P., Tompsett, C., Braciszewski, J., Jacques-Tiura, A., & Baltes, B. (2009). Community violence: a meta-analysis on the effect of exposure and mental health outcomes of children and adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 21(1), 227–259. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579409000145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazer E., Mitchell, R., Nesbitt, L., Williams, M., Mitchell, E., Williams, R., & Browne, D. (2018). The violence epidemic in the African American community: A call by the National Medical Association for comprehensive reform. Journal of the National Medical Association, 110(1), 4–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnma.2017.08.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garbarino, J., & Kostelny, K. (1997). What children can tell us about living in a war zone. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed.), Children in a violent society. Guilford Press (pp. 32–41).
   Google Scholar
• Garrido, E., Culhane, S., Raviv, T., & Taussig, H. (2010). Does community violence exposure predict trauma symptoms in a sample of maltreated youth in foster care? Violence and Victims, 25(6), 755–769. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.6.755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaylord-Harden, N., Cunningham, J., & Zelencik, B. (2011). Effects of exposure to community violence on internalising symptoms: Does desensitization to violence occur in African American youth? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39(5), 711–719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9510-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, C., Morris, S., & Beaver, K. (2009). Secondary exposure to violence during childhood and adolescence: Does neighborhood context matter? Justice Quarterly, 26(1), 30–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820802119968
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, R. (1997) The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 581–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorman-Smith, D., Henry, D. B., & Tolan, P. H. (2004). Exposure to community violence and violence perpetration: The protective effects of family functioning. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 33(3), 439–449. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3303_2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammack, P., Robinson, L., Crawford, I., & Li, S. (2004). Poverty and Depressed Mood Among Urban African-American Adolescents: A Family Stress Perspective. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 13, 309–323. doi: 10.1023/B:JCFS.0000022037.59369.90
   Google Scholar
• House, J. S., Landis, K., & Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241, 540–545. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3399889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, S., Solomon, B., Shields, W., McDonald, E., McKenzie, L., & Gielen, A. (2009). Neighborhood violence and its association with mothers’ health: Assessing the relative importance of perceived safety and exposure to violence. Journal of Urban Health, 86(4), 538–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-009-9345-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judi House/Jag Institute. (2022). Childhood bereavement estimation model. https://judishouse.org/research-tools/cbem
   Google Scholar
• Kaplow, J., Saunders, J., Angold, Adrian, M.D, & Costello, E. (2010). Psychiatric symptoms in bereaved versus nonbereaved youth and young adults: A longitudinal epidemiological study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(11), 1145–1154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr, D. C., Lunkenheimer, E. S., & Olson, S. L. (2007). Assessment of child problem behaviors by multiple informants: a longitudinal study from preschool to school entry. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 48(10), 967–975. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01776.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes, K. M., Pratt, C., Galea, S., McLaughlin, K. A., Koenen, K. C., & Shear, M. K. (2014). The burden of loss: Unexpected death of a loved one and psychiatric disorders across the life course in a national study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(8), 864–871. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13081132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kliewer, W., Cunningham, J. N., Diehl, R., Parrish, K. A., Walker, J. M., Atiyeh, C. et al. (2004). Violence exposure and adjustment in inner-city youth: child and caregiver emotion regulation skill, caregiver-child relationship quality, and neighborhood cohesion as protective factor. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 53, 33(3), 477–487. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3303_5
   Google Scholar
• La Barrie, D., Zegarac, M., Mekawi, Y., Kuzyk, E., Stenson, A., Jovanovic, T. et al. (2022). The role of specific emotion dysregulation facets in the association between child violence exposure and psychopathology. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• LaFreniere, L., & Cain, A. (2015). Parentally bereaved children and adolescents. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 71(3), 245–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222815575503
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Layne, C. M., Olsen, J., Kaplow, J., & Pynoos, R. (2011). Do traumatic circumstances of the death matter? Predicting the longitudinal course of grief in adolescents. Developmental perspectives on proposed DSM-V bereavement criteria: Three longitudinal studies of bereaved children and adolescents. 27th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Baltimore, MD.
   Google Scholar
• Li, S. T., Nussbaum, K. M., & Richards, M. H. (2007). Risk and protective factors for urban African-American youth. American Journal of Community Psychology, 39, 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9088-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorah, J. A. (2020). Interpretation of main effects in the presence of non-significant interaction effects. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 16(1), 33–45. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.16.1.p033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luecken, L., & Roubinov, D. (2012). Pathways to lifespan health following childhood parental death. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(3), 243–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00422.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDonald, C., & Richmond, T. (2008). The relationship between community violence exposure and mental health symptoms in urban adolescents. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 15(10), 833–849. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2008.01321.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin, K. A. (2016). Future directions in childhood adversity and youth psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 45, 361–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1110823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overstreet, S., & Braun, S. (2000). Exposure to community violence and post-traumatic stress symptoms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(2), 263–271. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parke R. D., Simpkins S. D., McDowell D. J., Kim M., Killian C., Dennis J., & Rah Y. (2002). Relative contributions of families and peers to children’s social development. In Smith P. K., Hart C. H. (Eds), Blackwell handbook of childhood social development. John Wiley (pp. 156–177).
   Google Scholar
• Pearlin, L. I., & Bierman, A. (2013). Current issues and future directions in research into the stress process. In C. S. Aneshensel, J. C. Phelan, & A. Bierman (Eds), Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health (2nd edn). Springer (pp. 325–340).
   Google Scholar
• Pham, S., Porta, G., Biernesser, C., Walker Payne, M., Iyengar, S., Melhem, N., & Brent, D. A. (2018). The burden of bereavement: Early-onset depression and impairment in youths bereaved by sudden parental death in a 7-year prospective study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(9), 887–896. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17070792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proctor, L. (2006). Children growing up in a violent community: The role of the family. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11(6), 558–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2005.12.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pynoos, R., Steinberg, A., Layne, C., Liang, L., Vivrette, R., Briggs, E. et al. (2014). Modeling Constellations of Trauma Exposure in the National Child Traumatic Stress Network Core Data Set. Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy, 6, S9–S17. doi: 10.1037/a0037767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reese, L. E., Vera, E. M., Simon, T. R., & Ikeda, R. M. (2000). The role of families and care givers as risk and protective factors in preventing youth violence. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 3, 61–77. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009519503260
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richters, J. E., & Martinez, P. E. (1993). Violent communities, family choices, and children’s chances: An algorithm for improving the odds. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 609−627. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400006192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargent, E., Zahniser, E., Gaylord-Harden, N., Morency, M., & Jenkins, E. (2020). Examining the effects of family and community violence on African American adolescents: The roles of violence type and relationship proximity to violence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 40(5), 633–661. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431619858397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salzinger, S., Feldman, R. S., Stockhammer, T., & Hood, J. (2002). An ecological framework for understanding risk for exposure to community violence and the effects of exposure on children and adolescents. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 7(5), 423–451. doi: 10.1016/S1359-1789(01)00078-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenfelder E. N., Sandler I. N., Wolchik S., & MacKinnon D. (2011) Quality of social relationships and the development of depression in parentally-bereaved youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 40(1): 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9503-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shonkoff, J., Garner, A., Siegel, B., Dobbins, M., Earls, M., McGuinn, L. et al. (2012). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 129, e232–e246. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman P. R., Worden J. W. (1992) Children’s reactions in the early months after the death of a parent. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 62(1), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0079304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slutkin, G., Ransford, C., Zvetina, D. (2018). How the health sector can reduce violence by treating it as a contagion. AMA Journal Ethics, 20 (1), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1001/journalofethics.2018.20.1.nlit1-1801
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith, J. R. (2015). Unequal burdens of loss: Examining the frequency and timing of homicide deaths experienced by young Black men across the life course. American Journal of Public Health, 105, S483–S490. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, J., & Patton, D. (2016). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in context: Examining trauma responses to violent exposures and homicide death among Black males in urban neighborhoods. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 86(2), 212–223. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, B., Jaycox, L., Kataoka, S., Rhodes, H., & Vestal, K. (2003). Prevalence of child and adolescent exposure to community violence. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6, 247–263. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CCFP.0000006292.61072.d2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stikkelbroek, Y., Bodden, D., Reitz, E., Vollebergh, W., & Baar, A. (2016). Mental health of adolescents before and after the death of a parent or sibling. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(1), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-015-0695-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swedberg, R. (2020). Exploratory Research. In C. Elman, J. Gerring, & J. Mahoney (Eds), The Production of Knowledge: Enhancing Progress in Social Science (Strategies for Social Inquiry) (pp. 17–41). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108762519.002
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, D.E., Woodburn, E.M., Thompson, C.I., & Leff, S.S. (2011). Contemporary interventions to prevent and reduce community violence Among African American Youth. In: Lemelle, A., Reed, W., Taylor, S. (Eds), Handbook of African American Health. Springer (pp. 113–127).
   Google Scholar
• Turner, H., Finkelhor, D., & Henly, M. (2021). Exposure to family and friend homicide in a nationally representative sample of youth. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(7–8), NP4413-NP4442. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518787200
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderwerker, L. C., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., & Prigerson, H. G. (2006). An exploration of associations between separation anxiety in childhood and complicated grief in later life. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194(2), 121–123. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000198146.28182.d5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters, E., & Cummings, E. (2000). A secure base from which to explore close relationships. Child Development, 71(1), 164–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worden J. W., & Silverman, P. R. (1996). Parental death and the adjustment of school-age children. OMEGA: The Journal of Death and Dying, 33(2), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.2190/P77L-F6F6-5W06-NHBX
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yule, K., Houston, J., & Grych, J. (2019). Resilience in children exposed to violence: A meta-analysis of protective factors across ecological contexts. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 22(3), 406–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00293-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30–41. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, G., & Messner, S. (2013) Individual, family background, and contextual explanations of racial and ethnic disparities in youths’ exposure to violence. American Journal of Public Health, 103 (3), 435–442. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar