Characterization of a nose-only inhalation exposure system for hydrocarbon mixtures and jet fuels

References

• Acros Organics N.V. (2000). Material Safety Data Sheet Naphthalene, Scintillation Grade 99+%. [Online] Available at: http://avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/naphthalene.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin C, Figueredo A, Wright L, Wong S, Witten M. 2007. Repeated aerosol-vapor JP-8 jet fuel exposure affects neurobehavior and neurotransmitter levels in a rat model. J Toxicol Environ Health A 70:1203–1213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockman J. 1993. Sampling and transport of aerosols. In:Baron P, Willeke K, eds. Aerosol Measurement: Principle, Techniques and Applications. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 103.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell J Jr, Fisher J. 2007. A PBPK modeling assessment of the competitive metabolic interactions of JP-8 vapor with two constituents, m-xylene and ethylbenzene. Inhal Toxicol 19: 265–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee A, Babu R, Klausner M, Singh M. 2006. In vitro and in vivo comparison of dermal irritancy of jet fuel exposure using EpiDerm™ (EPI-200) cultured human skin and hairless rats. Toxicol Lett 167: 85–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavanne B. 2007. USAF wants fleet certified for synthetic fuel blend by 2011. Aviation Week: Aerospace Daily and Defense Report [online]. Available at: http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/FUEL102907.xml. Accessed 29 October 2007.
   Google Scholar
• ChemicalBook Inc. (2008a). n-Tridecane (629-50-5). [Online] Available at: http://www.chemicalbook.com/ProductMSDSDetailCB5854626_EN.htm.
   Google Scholar
• ChemicalBook Inc. (2008b). 2-Methylnaphthalene (91-57-6). [Online] Available at: http://www.chemicalbook.com/ProductMSDSDetailCB3232426_EN.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Cox SS, Zhao D, Little JC. (2001). Measuring partition and diffusion coefficients for volatile organic compounds in vinyl flooring. Atmos Environ 35: 3823–3830.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis JH, Stenton SC, Beach JR, Avery AJ, Walters EH, Hendrick DJ. 1990. Jet and ultrasonic nebuliser output: Use of a new method for direct measurement of aerosol output. Thorax 45: 728–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietzel K, Campbell J, Bartlett M, Witten M, Fisher J. 2005. Validation of a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the quantification of aerosolized Jet Propellant 8. J Chromatogr A 1093: 11–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fechter L, Gearhart C, Fulton S, Campbell J, Fisher J, Na K, Cocker D, Nelson-Miller A, Moon P, Pouyatos B. 2007. JP-8 jet fuel can promote auditory impairment resulting from subsequent noise exposure in rats. Toxicol Sci 98: 510–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris D, Sakiestewa D, Robledo R, Witten M. 1997. Immunotoxicological effects of JP-8 jet fuel exposure. Toxicol Ind Health, 13, 43–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris D, Sakiestewa D, Robledo R, Young R, Witten M. 2000. Effects of short-term JP-8 jet fuel exposure on cell-mediated immunity. Toxicol Ind Health 16: 78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemighaus G. 2007. Synthetic fuels for aviation. ASTM Stand News [online]. Available at: http://www.astm.org/SNEWS/APRIL_2007/p_hemighaus_apr07.html. Accessed 17 July 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Hernandez SAJ. 2007. SECAF certifies Fischer-Tropsch synthetic fuel blends for B-52H. Air Force Materiel Command—News [online]. Available at: http://www.afmc.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123063849. Accessed 14 June 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Jaeger RJ. 1994. Modular reversible-flow-past nasopulmonary respiratory dosing system for laboratory animals. Patent No. 5297502.
   Google Scholar
• Keystone Automotive Industries. (2004). Material Safety Data Sheet. Product Name: 2.1 VOC Key Euro Clear Slow Activator. [Online] Available at: http://www.keystone-auto.com/bodyshops/msds/msds-keyC48.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Knave B, Persson H, Goldberg JM, Westerholm P. 1976. Long-term exposure to jet fuel: An investigation on occupationally exposed workers with special reference to the nervous system. Scand J Work Environ Health 2: 152–164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knave B, Olson B, Elofsson S, Gamberale F, Isaksson A, Mindus P, Persson H, Struwe G, Wennberg A, Westerholm P. 1978. Long-term exposure to jet fuel. II. A cross-sectional epidemiologic investigation on occupationally exposed industrial workers with special reference to the nervous system. Scand J Work Environ Health 4: 19–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knave B, Mindus P, Struwe G. 1979. Neurasthenic symptoms in workers occupationally exposed to jet fuel. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 60, 39–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattie D, Alden C, Newell T, Gaworski C, Flemming C. 1991. A 90-day continuous vapor inhalation toxicity study of JP-8 jet fuel followed by 20 or 21 months of recovery in Fischer 344 rats and C57BL/6 mice. Toxicol Pathol 19: 77–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May K. 1973. The Collison nebulizer: description, performance and application. J. Aerosol Sci 4: 235–243.
   Google Scholar
• McCallion O, Taylor K, Bridges P, Thomas M, Taylor A. 1996. Jet nebulisers for pulmonary drug delivery. Int J Pharm 130: 1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDougal J, Garrett C, Amato C, Berberich S. 2007. Effects of brief cutaneous JP-8 jet fuel exposures on time course of gene expression in the epidermis. Toxicol Sci 95: 495–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteiro-Riviere N, Inman A, Riviere J. 2001. Effects of short-term high-dose and low-dose dermal exposure to Jet A, JP-8 and JP-8 + 100 jet fuels. J Appl Toxicol 21: 485–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council of the National Academies. 2003. Toxicologic Assessment of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nordholm A. 1999. Repeated exposure of rats to JP-4 vapor induces changes in neurobehavioral capacity and 5-HT/5-HIAA levels. J Toxicol Environ Health A 56: 471–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osgar M. 2009. Personal Communication. Savillex Corporation, Minnetonka MN.
   Google Scholar
• Perleberg U, Keys D, Fisher J. 2004. Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for decane, a constituent of jet propellent-8. Inhal Toxicol 16: 771–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter H. 1990. Aviators intoxicated by inhalation of JP-5 fuel vapors. Aviat Space Environ Med 61: 654–656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter TL, Simmons KE. (1998). Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Criteria Working Group Series Volume 2: Composition of Petroleum Mixtures. Amherst Scientific Publishing. [Online] Available at: http://www.aehs.com/publications/catalog/contents/tph.htm. Accessed August 3, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Ramos G, Nghiem D, Walterscheid J, Ullrich S. 2002. Dermal application of jet fuel suppresses secondary immune reactions. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 180: 136–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rau J. 2002. Design principles of liquid nebulization devices currently in use. Discussion. Respir Care 47: 1257–1275.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reboulet J. 2006. Personal communication. Dayton, OH: Wright Patterson Air Force.
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes A, LeMasters G, Lockey J, Smith J, Yiin J, Egeghy P, Gibson R. 2003. The effects of jet fuel on immune cells of fuel system maintenance workers. J Occup Environ Med 45: 79–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie G, Rossi J, Nordholm A, Still K, Carpenter R, Wenger G, Wright D. 2001. Effects of repeated exposure to JP-8 jet fuel vapor on learning of simple and difficult operant tasks by rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A 64: 385–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robledo R, Witten M. 1998. Acute pulmonary response to inhaled JP-8 jet fuel aerosol in mice. Inhal Toxicol 10: 531–553.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robledo R, Young R, Lantz R, Witten M. 2000. Short-term pulmonary response to inhaled JP-8 jet fuel aerosol in mice. Toxicol Pathol 28: 656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi J, Nordholm A, Carpenter R, Ritchie G, Malcomb W. 2001. Effects of repeated exposure of rats to JP-5 or JP-8 jet fuel vapor on neurobehavioral capacity and neurotransmitter levels. J Toxicol Environ Health A 63: 397–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salem H, Katz S. 2006. Inhalation Toxicology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Savillex. 2005. C-Flow Nebulizer Installation Details. 300023. Minnetonka, MN: Savillex, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• ScienceLab.com Inc. (2008). Material Safety Data Sheet. [Online] Available at: http://www.sciencelab.com.
   Google Scholar
• Smith L, Bhattacharya A, Lemasters G, Succop PE II, Medvedovic M, Joyce J. 1997. Effect of chronic low-level exposure to jet fuel on postural balance of US Air Force Personnel. J Occup Environ Med 39: 623–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University. (2009). MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) Information. [Online] Available at: http://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk/.
   Google Scholar
• Tillery MI, Wood GO, Ettinger HJ. 1976. Generation and characterization of aerosols and vapors for inhalation experiments. Environ Health Perspect 16: 25–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay R, Martin S, Fechter L, Fisher J. 2008. A novel method for the chemical chracterization of generated jet fuel vapor and aerosol for animal studies, 1100. Toxicologist 102(S-1).
   Google Scholar
• Tremblay R, Martin S, Fisher J. 2009. Novel characterization of the aerosol and gas phase composition for aerosolized jet fuel atmospheres. Inhal Toxicol 22: this issue.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay R, Martin S, Fisher J. Submitted. In:Witten M, Ritchie G, Zeiger E, eds. Jet Fuel Toxicology. London: Taylor & Francis, in press.
   Google Scholar
• Ullrich S. 1999. Dermal application of JP-8 jet fuel induces immune suppression. Toxicol Sci 52: 61–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitman F, Hinz J. 2001. Sensory irritation study in mice: JP-4, JP-8, JP-8 + 100. IERA-RS-BR-SR-2001-0005. Brooks City-Base, TX: Risk Assessment Division, Air Force Institute for Operational Health. IERA-RS-BR-SR-2001-0005. Brooks City-Base, TX: Risk Assessment Division AFIfOH.
   Google Scholar
• Whitman F, Hinz J. 2004. Sensory irritation study in mice: JP-5, JP-TS, JP-7, DFM, JP-10. IOH-RS-BR-SR-2004-0001. Brooks City-Base, TX: Risk Assessment Division, Air Force Institute for Operational Health. IERA-RS-BR-SR-2004-0001. Brooks City-Base, TX: Risk Assessment Division AFIfOH.
   Google Scholar
• Wolff R, Niven R. 1994. Generation of aerosolized drugs. J Aerosol Med 7: 89–106.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar