Publication Cover
Inhalation Toxicology
International Forum for Respiratory Research
Volume 23, 2011 - Issue sup1
1,039
Views
35
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

An evaluation of the toxicity of 95 ingredients added individually to experimental cigarettes: approach and methods

, , , &
Pages 1-12 | Received 12 Oct 2010, Accepted 23 Nov 2010, Published online: 22 Mar 2011

References

  • AALAS. 1991. American Association for Laboratory Animals Science Policy on the Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Lab Anim Sci 41:91.
  • Baker RR. 1999. Smoke chemistry. In: Davis DL, Nielsen MT, eds. Tobacco: Production, Chemistry, and Technology. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 398–439.
  • Baker RR. 2002. The development and significance of standards for smoking-machine methodology. Beitr Tabakforsch Int 20:23–41.
  • Baker RR, Bishop LJ. 2004. The pyrolysis of tobacco ingredients. J Anal App Pyrol 71:223–311.
  • Baker RR, Massey ED, Smith G. 2004. An overview of the effects of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry and toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 42 Suppl:S53–S83.
  • Bates C, McNeill A, Jarvis M, Gray N. 1999. The future of tobacco product regulation and labelling in Europe: implications for the forthcoming European Union directive. Tob Control 8:225–235.
  • Benowitz NL. 2001. Compensatory smoking of low-yield cigarettes. In: National Cancer Institute. Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Machine-measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 13. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, NIH Publication No. 02-5074, October 2001, 39–63
  • Borenfreund E, Puerner JA. 1985. Toxicity determined in vitro by morphological alterations and neutral red absorption. Toxicol Lett 24:119–124.
  • Borgerding M, Klus H. 2005. Analysis of complex mixtures–cigarette smoke. Exp Toxicol Pathol 57 Suppl 1:43–73.
  • Bradford JA, Harlan WR, Hanmer HR. 1936. Nature of cigaret smoke. Technic of experimental smoking. Ind Eng Chem 28:836–839.
  • Burns DM, Dybing E, Gray N, Hecht S, Anderson C, Sanner T, O’Connor R, Djordjevic M, Dresler C, Hainaut P, Jarvis M, Opperhuizen A, Straif K. 2008. Mandated lowering of toxicants in cigarette smoke: a description of the World Health Organization TobReg proposal. Tob Control 17:132–141.
  • Carmines EL. 2002. Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 1: cigarette design, testing approach, and review of results. Food Chem Toxicol 40:77–91.
  • Carmines EL, Gaworski CL. 2005. Toxicological evaluation of glycerin as a cigarette ingredient. Food Chem Toxicol 43:1521–1539.
  • Carmines EL, Lemus R, Gaworski CL. 2005. Toxicologic evaluation of licorice extract as a cigarette ingredient. Food Chem Toxicol 43:1303–1322.
  • Coggins CR. 2010. A further review of inhalation studies with cigarette smoke and lung cancer in experimental animals, including transgenic mice. Inhal Toxicol 22:974–983.
  • Coggins CRE, Duchosal F, Musy C, Ventrone R. 1981. Measurement of respiratory patterns in rodents, using whole-body plethysmography and a pneumotachograph. Lab Animal 15:137–140.
  • Diana JN, Vaught A. 1990. Research Cigarettes. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Printing Services.
  • Djordjevic MV, Stellman SD, Zang E. 2000. Doses of nicotine and lung carcinogens delivered to cigarette smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:106–111.
  • Doull J, Frawley JP, George W, Loomis T, Squire RA. 1994. A safety assessment of ingredients added to tobacco in the manufacture of cigarettes. Tob J Int 196:32–39.
  • Dube MF, Green CR. 1982. Methods of collection of smoke for analytical purposes. Rec Adv Tob Sci 8:42–102.
  • Dungworth DL, Schwartz LW, Tyler WS. 1976. Morphological methods for evaluation of pulmonary toxicity in animals. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 16:381–399.
  • Dunnett CW. 1955. A multiple comparison procedure for comparing several treatments with a control. J Am Stat Assoc 50:1096–1121.
  • European Patent Number 2095791. Schnell P, Wolfgang O, Radtke F, Van Thielen B, Vandenberghen G, Verbeeck J Exposure apparatus, 02-September-2009.
  • Gaworski CL, Lemus-Olalde R, Carmines EL. 2008. Toxicological evaluation of potassium sorbate added to cigarette tobacco. Food Chem Toxicol 46:339–351.
  • Gaworski CL, Oldham MJ, Coggins CR. 2010. Toxicological considerations on the use of propylene glycol as a humectant in cigarettes. Toxicology 269:54–66.
  • Haussmann HJ, Anskeit E, Becker D, Kuhl P, Stinn W, Teredesai A, Voncken P, Walk RA. 1998. Comparison of fresh and room-aged cigarette sidestream smoke in a subchronic inhalation study on rats. Toxicol Sci 41:100–116.
  • Heck JD, Gaworski CL, Rajendran N, Morrissey RL. 2002. Toxicologic evaluation of humectants added to cigarette tobacco: 13-week smoke inhalation study of glycerin and propylene glycol in Fischer 344 rats. Inhal Toxicol 14:1135–1152.
  • Hoffmann D, Djordjevic MV, Hoffmann I. 1997. The changing cigarette. Prev Med 26:427–434.
  • IARC. 2004. Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon, France: IARC, 1191–1413.
  • ICH. 1995a. Guidance on specific aspects of regulatory genotoxicity tests for pharmaceuticals: S2A. In: International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. Geneva, Switzerland: International Conference on Hamonisation.
  • ICH. 1995b. Guideline on the need for carcinogenicity studies of pharmaceuticals: S1A. In: International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. Geneva, Switzerland: International Conference on Harmonisation.
  • ICH. 1997. Genotoxicity: a standard battery for genotoxicity testing of pharmaceuticals: S2B. In: International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Clinical Use. Geneva, Switzerland: International Conference on Harmonisation.
  • Institute of Medicine. 2001. Stratton K, Shetty P, Wallace R, Bondurant S, eds. Clearing the smoke. Assessing the science base for tobacco harm reduction. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
  • ISO. 1991a. International Standard ISO 3308. Routine analytical cigarette-smoking machine. Definitions and standard conditions. Third edition. Geneva, Switzerland.
  • ISO. 1991b. International Standard ISO 3402. Tobacco and tobacco products. Atmosphere for conditioning and testing. Third edition. Geneva, Switzerland.
  • ISO. 1999. International Standard ISO 3402. Tobacco and tobacco products. Atmosphere for conditioning and testing. Fourth edition. Geneva, Switzerland.
  • ISO. 2000a. International Standard ISO 3308. Routine analytical cigarette-smoking machine. Definitions and standard conditions. Fourth edition. Geneva, Switzerland.
  • ISO. 2000b. International Standard ISO 4387. Cigarettes - determination of total and nicotine free dry particulate matter using a routine analytical smoking machine. Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Klimisch HJ, Meissner K, Wernicke H. 1974. Quantitative determination of carbon monoxide in blood by gaschromatography. Z Klin Chem Klin Biochem 12:535–538.
  • Lamb D, Reid L. 1969. Goblet cell increase in rat bronchial epithelium after exposure to cigarette and cigar tobacco smoke. Br Med J 1:33–35.
  • Langård S, Nordhagen AL. 1980. Small animal inhalation chambers and the significance of dust ingestion from the contaminated coat when exposing rats to zinc chromate. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 46:43–46.
  • Lee PN, Forey BA, Fry JS, Hamling JS, Hamling JF, Sanders EB, Carchman RA. 2009. Does use of flue-cured rather than blended cigarettes affect international variation in mortality from lung cancer and COPD? Inhal Toxicol 21:404–430.
  • Lemus R, Carmines EL, Van Miert E, Coggins CR, Anskeit E, Gerstenberg B, Meisgen TJ, Schramke H, Stabbert R, Völkel H, Terpstra PM. 2007. Toxicological comparisons of cigarettes containing different amounts of vanillin. Inhal Toxicol 19:683–699.
  • Life Sciences Research Office. 2004. Byrd DM, Lewis KD, Nixon PM, Feldman RS, eds. Review of ingredients added to cigarettes. Phase two: scientific criteria for the evaluation of ingredients added to cigarettes. Bethesda, MD: LSRO.
  • Mantel N, Haenszel W. 1959. Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 22:719–748.
  • Maron DM, Ames BN. 1983. Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test. Mutat Res 113:173–215.
  • OECD. 1981. No. 413. Subchronic inhalation toxicity: 90-day study. In: OECD Guideline for the testing of chemicals. Paris, France.
  • OECD. 1997. No. 471. Bacterial reverse mutation test. In: OECD guideline for testing of chemicals. Paris, France.
  • OECD. 2008. Draft proposal for a revised Guideline 413. In: OECD guideline for the testing of chemicals. Paris, France.
  • Paschke T, Scherer G, Heller WD. 2002. Effects of ingredients on cigarette smoke composition and biological activity: a literature overview. Beitr Tabakforsch Int 20:107–247.
  • Renne RA, Gideon KM. 2006. Types and patterns of response in the larynx following inhalation. Toxicol Pathol 34:281–285.
  • Renne RA, Yoshimura H, Yoshino K, Lulham G, Minamisawa S, Tribukait A, Dietz DD, Lee KM, Westerberg RB. 2006. Effects of flavoring and casing ingredients on the toxicity of mainstream cigarette smoke in rats. Inhal Toxicol 18:685–706.
  • Rodgman A. 2004. Some studies on the effects of additives on cigarette mainstream smoke properties. III. Ingredients reportedly used in various commercial cigarette products in the USA and elsewhere. Beitr Tabakforsch Int 21:47–104.
  • Rodgman A, Perfetti TA. 2009. The chemical components of tobacco and tobacco smoke. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
  • Roemer E, Tewes FJ, Meisgen TJ, Veltel DJ, Carmines EL. 2002. Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 3: in vitro genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 40:105–111.
  • Rustemeier K, Demetriou D, Schepers G, Voncken P. 1993. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of nicotine and its urinary metabolites via their 1,3-diethyl-2-thiobarbituric acid derivatives. J Chromatogr 613:95–103.
  • Sagartz JW, Madarasz AJ, Forsell MA, Burger GT, Ayres PH, Coggins CR. 1992. Histological sectioning of the rodent larynx for inhalation toxicity testing. Toxicol Pathol 20:118–121.
  • Shields PG. 2002. Tobacco smoking, harm reduction, and biomarkers. J Natl Cancer Inst 94:1435–1444.
  • Stavanja MS, Curtin GM, Ayres PH, Bombick ER, Borgerding MF, Morgan WT, Garner CD, Pence DH, Swauger JE. 2008. Safety assessment of diammonium phosphate and urea used in the manufacture of cigarettes. Exp Toxicol Pathol 59:339–353.
  • Thun MJ, Henley SJ, Calle EE. 2002. Tobacco use and cancer: an epidemiologic perspective for geneticists. Oncogene 21:7307–7325.
  • Vanscheeuwijck PM, Teredesai A, Terpstra PM, Verbeeck J, Kuhl P, Gerstenberg B, Gebel S, Carmines EL. 2002. Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 4: subchronic inhalation toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 40:113–131.
  • Van Vunakis H, Gijka HB, Langone JJ. 1987. Environmental carcinogens, methods of analysis and exposure measurements. Vol. 9, O’Neill IK, Brunnemann KD, Dodet B, Hoffmann D, eds. WHO/IARC, 317–330.
  • White JL, Conner BT, Perfetti TA, Bombick BR, Avalos JT, Fowler KW, Smith CJ, Doolittle DJ. 2001. Effect of pyrolysis temperature on the mutagenicity of tobacco smoke condensate. Food Chem Toxicol 39:499–505.
  • Young JT. 1981. Histopathologic examination of the rat nasal cavity. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1:309–312.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.