Assessing the impact of the duration and intensity of inhalation exposure on the magnitude of the variability of internal dose metrics in children and adults

References

• Abraham K, Mielke H, Huisinga W, Gundert-Remy U. 2005a. Elevated internal exposure of children in simulated acute inhalation of volatile organic compounds: Effects of concentration and duration. Arch Toxicol 79:63–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham K, Mielke H, Huisinga W, Gundert-Remy U. 2005b. Internal exposure of children by simulated acute inhalation of volatile organic compounds: The influence of chemical properties on the child/adult concentration ratio. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 96:242–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benignus VA, Boyes WK, Kenyon EM, Bushnell PJ. 1998. A dosimetric analysis of behavioural effects of acute toluene exposure in rats and humans. Toxicol Sci 43:186–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benignus VA, Bushnell PJ, Boyes WK, Eklund C, Kenyon EM. 2009. Neurobehavioral effects of acute exposure to four solvents: meta-analyses. Toxicol Sci 109:296–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyes WK, Bushnell PJ, Crofton KM, Evans M, Simmons JE. 2000. Neurotoxic and pharmacokinetic responses to trichloroethylene as a function of exposure scenario. Environ Health Perspect 108:317–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown RP, Delp MD, Lindstedt SL, Rhomberg LR, Beliles RP. 1997. Physiological parameter values for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. Toxicol Ind Health 13:407–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clewell HJ, Gearhart JM, Gentry PR, Covington TR, VanLandingham CB, Crump KS, Shipp AM. 1999. Evaluation of the uncertainty in an oral reference dose for methylmercury due to interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics. Risk Anal 19:547–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clewell HJ 3rd, Andersen ME, Blaauboer BJ. 2008. On the incorporation of chemical-specific information in risk assessment. Toxicol Lett 180:100–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clewell HJ, Gentry PR, Covington TR, Sarangapani R, Teeguarden JG. 2004. Evaluation of the potential impact of age- and gender-specific pharmacokinetic differences on tissue dosimetry. Toxicol Sci 79:381–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clewell HJ, Teeguarden J, McDonald T, Sarangapani R, Lawrence G, Covington T, Gentry R, Shipp A. 2002. Review and evaluation of the potential impact of age- and gender-specific pharmacokinetic differences on tissue dosimetry. Crit Rev Toxicol 32:329–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorne JL, Renwick AG. 2005. The refinement of uncertainty/safety factors in risk assessment by the incorporation of data on toxicokinetic variability in humans. Toxicol Sci 86:20–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorne JL, Walton K, Renwick AG. 2005. Human variability in xenobiotic metabolism and pathway-related uncertainty factors for chemical risk assessment: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 43:203–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dourson ML, Felter SP, Robinson D. 1996. Evolution of science-based uncertainty factors in noncancer risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 24:108–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dourson ML, Stara JF. 1983. Regulatory history and experimental support of uncertainty (safety) factors. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 3:224–238.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Faustman EM, Ribeiro P. (1990). Pharmacokinetic consideration in developmental toxicity. In: Hood, RD. ed, Developmental toxicology: Risk assessment and the future. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 109–36.
   Google Scholar
• Gentry PR, Hack CE, Haber L, Maier A, Clewell HJ 3rd. 2002. An approach for the quantitative consideration of genetic polymorphism data in chemical risk assessment: examples with warfarin and parathion. Toxicol Sci 70:120–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginsberg G, Hattis D, Sonawane B, Russ A, Banati P, Kozlak M, Smolenski S, Goble R. 2002. Evaluation of child/adult pharmacokinetic differences from a database derived from the therapeutic drug literature. Toxicol Sci 66:185–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddad S, Béliveau M, Tardif R, Krishnan K. 2001a. A PBPK modeling-based approach to account for interactions in the health risk assessment of chemical mixtures. Toxicol Sci 63:125–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddad S, Pelekis M, Krishnan K. 1996. A methodology for solving physiologically based pharmacokinetic models without the use of simulation softwares. Toxicol Lett 85:113–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddad S, Restieri C, Krishnan K. 2001b. Characterization of age-related changes in body weight and organ weights from birth to adolescence in humans. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 64:453–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddad S, Tardif GC, Tardif R. 2006. Development of physiologically based toxicokinetic models for improving the human indoor exposure assessment to water contaminants: Trichloroethylene and trihalomethanes. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 69:2095–2136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICRP. (2002). Annals of the ICRP. ICRP Publication 89. Ann ICRP. 32, 5–265.
   Google Scholar
• IPCS. (2005). Chemical-Specific Adjustment Factors (CSAFs) for Interspecies Differences and Human Variability: Guidance Document for the Use of Data in Dose/Concentration-Response Assessment. World health Organization. WHO/IPCS/01.4, 1–96.
   Google Scholar
• IPCS. (1994). Assessing human health risks of chemicals: Derivation of guidance values for health based exposure limits. 170. Geneva, World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety. Environmental Health Criteria.
   Google Scholar
• Johnsrud EK, Koukouritaki SB, Divakaran K, Brunengraber LL, Hines RN, McCarver DG. 2003. Human hepatic CYP2E1 expression during development. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 307:402–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klingler M, Demmelmair H, Larque E, Koletzko B. 2003. Analysis of FA contents in individual lipid fractions from human placental tissue. Lipids 38:561–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipscomb JC, Teuschler LK, Swartout JC, Striley CA, Snawder JE. 2003. Variance of microsomal protein and cytochrome P450 2E1 and 3A forms in adult human liver. Toxicol Mech Methods 13:45–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu Y, Rieth S, Lohitnavy M, Dennison J, El-Masri H, Barton HA, Bruckner J, Yang RS. 2008. Application of PBPK modeling in support of the derivation of toxicity reference values for 1,1, 1-trichloroethane. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 50:249–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malviya S, Lerman J. 1990. The blood/gas solubilities of sevoflurane, isoflurane, halothane, and serum constituent concentrations in neonates and adults. Anesthesiology 72:793–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meek ME, Renwick A, Ohanian E, Dourson M, Lake B, Naumann BD, Vu V. International Programme on Chemical Safety. 2002. Guidelines for application of chemical-specific adjustment factors in dose/concentration-response assessment. Toxicology 181-182:115–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mielke H, Gundert A, Abraham K, Gundert-Remy U. 2005. Acute inhalative exposure assessment: Derivation of guideline levels with special regard to sensitive subpopulations and time scaling. Toxicology 214:256–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mörk AK, Johanson G. 2010. Chemical-specific adjustment factors for intraspecies variability of acetone toxicokinetics using a probabilistic approach. Toxicol Sci 116:336–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nannelli A, De Rubertis A, Longo V, Gervasi PG. 2005. Effects of dioxane on cytochrome P450 enzymes in liver, kidney, lung and nasal mucosa of rat. Arch Toxicol 79:74–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NRC. (2001). Standard operating procedures for developing acute exposure guideline levels for hazardous chemicals. National Research Council. National Academy Press. Washington DC.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson WE. (1991). Textbook of Pediatrics. WB Sauders Company.
   Google Scholar
• Nolan RJ, Freshour NL, Rick DL, McCarty LP, Saunders JH. 1984. Kinetics and metabolism of inhaled methyl chloroform (1,1,1-trichloroethane) in male volunteers. Fundam Appl Toxicol 4:654–662.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nong A, Krishnan K. 2007. Estimation of interindividual pharmacokinetic variability factor for inhaled volatile organic chemicals using a probability-bounds approach. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 48:93–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nong A, McCarver DG, Hines RN, Krishnan K. 2006. Modeling interchild differences in pharmacokinetics on the basis of subject-specific data on physiology and hepatic CYP2E1 levels: A case study with toluene. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 214:78–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekari K, Vainiotalo S, Heikkilä P, Palotie A, Luotamo M, Riihimäki V. 1992. Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to low levels of benzene. Scand J Work Environ Health 18:317–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelekis M, Krewski D, Krishnan K. 1997. Physiologically based algebraic expressions for predicting steady-state toxicokinetics of inhaled vapors. Toxicol Meth 7:205–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelekis M, Gephart LA, Lerman SE. 2001. Physiological-model-based derivation of the adult and child pharmacokinetic intraspecies uncertainty factors for volatile organic compounds. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 33:12–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelekis M, Nicolich MJ, Gauthier JS. 2003. Probabilistic framework for the estimation of the adult and child toxicokinetic intraspecies uncertainty factors. Risk Anal 23:1239–1255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulin P, Krishnan K. 1995. A biologically-based algorithm for predicting human tissue: Blood partition coefficients of organic chemicals. Hum Exp Toxicol 14:273–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price PS, Conolly RB, Chaisson CF, Gross EA, Young JS, Mathis ET, Tedder DR. 2003. Modeling interindividual variation in physiological factors used in PBPK models of humans. Crit Rev Toxicol 33:469–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsey JC, Andersen ME. 1984. A physiologically based description of the inhalation pharmacokinetics of styrene in rats and humans. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 73:159–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsey JC, Young JD, Karbowski RJ, Chenoweth MB, McCarty LP, Braun WH. 1980. Pharmacokinetics of inhaled styrene in human volunteers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 53:54–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappaport SM, Kim S, Lan Q, Vermeulen R, Waidyanatha S, Zhang L, Li G, Yin S, Hayes RB, Rothman N, Smith MT. 2009. Evidence that humans metabolize benzene via two pathways. Environ Health Perspect 117:946–952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitz RH, McCroskey PS, Park CN, Andersen ME, Gargas ML. 1990. Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for risk assessment with 1,4-dioxane. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 105:37–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renwick AG, Lazarus NR. 1998. Human variability and non-cancer risk assessment–an analysis of the default uncertainty factor. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 27:3–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronis MJJ, Lindros KO, Ingelman-Sundberg M. (1996). The CYP2E family. In: Ioannides C. ed, Cytochrome P450 Metabolic and Toxicological Aspects. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 211–40.
   Google Scholar
• Sarangapani R, Gentry PR, Covington TR, Teeguarden JG, Clewell HJ 3rd. 2003. Evaluation of the potential impact of age- and gender-specific lung morphology and ventilation rate on the dosimetry of vapors. Inhal Toxicol 15:987–1016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2003). Canadian community health survey, cycle 2.1. Statistics Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Sweeney LM, Thrall KD, Poet TS, Corley RA, Weber TJ, Locey BJ, Clarkson J, Sager S, Gargas ML. 2008. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of 1,4-Dioxane in rats, mice, and humans. Toxicol Sci 101:32–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan YM, Liao KH, Clewell HJ 3rd. 2007. Reverse dosimetry: Interpreting trihalomethanes biomonitoring data using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 17:591–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taniguchi H, Oguro A, Koyama H, Masuyama M, Takahashi T. 1996. Analysis of models for quantification of arterial and portal blood flow in the human liver using PET. J Comput Assist Tomogr 20:135–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas RS, Bigelow PL, Keefe TJ, Yang RS. 1996. Variability in biological exposure indices using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and Monte Carlo simulation. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 57:23–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. (2000). Interim Acute Exposure Guidelines (AEGLs) – 1, 1,1-Trichloroethane. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington DC.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. (2002). A review of the reference dose and reference concentration process. Risk Assessment Forum. EPA/630/P-02/00F. Washington DC, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. (2005). Interim Acute Exposure Guidelines (AEGLs) – 1, 4-dioxane. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington DC.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA (2008). Interim Acute Exposure Guidelines (AEGLs) - Styrene. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington DC.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. (2009a). Integrated Risk Information System. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington DC.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. (2009b). Interim Acute Exposure Guidelines (AEGLs) - Benzene. U.S Environmental Protection Agency. Washington DC.
   Google Scholar
• Valcke M, Krishnan K. (2009). Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in the risk assessment of developmental toxicants. In: Hansen, DK, Abbott, BD. eds, Developmental Toxicology. New York: Informa Health Care, 243–74.
   Google Scholar
• Valcke M, Krishnan K. 2011. Evaluation of the impact of the exposure route on the human kinetic adjustment factor. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 59:258–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Moss J, Thisted R. 1992. Predictors of body surface area. J Clin Anesth 4:4–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WHO. (2005). 1,4-Dioxane in drinking-water. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Geneva, World Health Organization (WHO/SDE/WSH/05.08/120).
   Google Scholar