Publication Cover
Inhalation Toxicology
International Forum for Respiratory Research
Volume 27, 2015 - Issue 2
263
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Evaluation of submarine atmospheres: effects of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and oxygen on general toxicology, neurobehavioral performance, reproduction and development in rats. I. Subacute exposures

, , , , , & show all
Pages 83-99 | Received 23 Sep 2014, Accepted 02 Dec 2014, Published online: 20 Jan 2015

References

  • Arfsten DP, Still KR, Wilfong ER, et al. (2009). Two-generation reproductive toxicity study of implanted depleted uranium (DU) in CD rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A 72:410–27
  • Astrup P, Olsen HM, Trolle D, Kjeldsen K. (1972). Effect of moderate carbon monoxide exposure on fetal development. Lancet 9:1220–2
  • Barbe C, Rochetaining A, Kreher P. (1999). Cardiovascular effects of sub-chronically low/high carbon monoxide exposure in rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 8:23–31
  • Bass JL, Corwin M, Gozal D, et al. (2004). The effect of chronic or intermittent hypoxia on cognition in childhood: a review of the evidence. Pediatrics 114:805–16
  • Baylis C, Corman B. (1998). The aging kidney: insights from experimental studies. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:699–709
  • Beard RR, Grandstaff N. (1970). Carbon monoxide exposure and cerebral function. Ann N Y Acad Sci 174:385–95
  • Bekkedal MY, Rossi J III, Panksepp J. (1999). Fetal and neonatal exposure to trimethylolpropane phosphate alters rat social behavior and emotional responsivity. Neurotoxicol Teratol 21:435–43
  • Bertolini A, Bernardi M, Genedani S. (1982). Effects of prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke and nicotine on pregnancy, offspring development and avoidance behavior in rats. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 4:545–8
  • Buccafusco JJ. (2001). Methods of behavioral analysis in neuroscience. New York: CRC Press
  • Carmines EL, Rajendran N. (2008). Evidence for carbon monoxide as the major factor contributing to lower fetal weights in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Toxicol Sci 102:383–91
  • Chahboune H, Ment LR, Stewart WB, et al. (2009). Hypoxic injury during neonatal development in murine brain: correlation between in vivo DTI findings and behavioral assessment. Cereb Cortex 19:2891–901
  • Cikutovic M, Fuentes N, Bustos-Obregón E. (2009). Effect of intermittent hypoxia on the reproduction of rats exposed to high altitude in the Chilean Altiplano. High Alt Med Biol 10:357–63
  • Di Giovanni V, Cagiano R, De Salvia MA, et al. (1993). Neurobehavioral changes produced in rats by prenatal exposure to carbon monoxide. Brain Res 616:126–31
  • de la Fuente SG, Pinheiro J, Gupta M, et al. (2003). Early postnatal behavior deficits after maternal carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum during pregnancy. Surg Endosc 17:1823–5
  • De Salvia MA, Cagiano R, Carratu MR, et al. (1995). Irreversible impairment of active avoidance behavior in rats prenatally exposed to mild concentrations of carbon monoxide. Psychopharmacology 122:66–71
  • Dinman BD. (1968). Pathophysiologic determinants of community air quality standards for carbon monoxide. JOEM 10:446–56
  • Dubrovskaya NM, Zhuravin IA. (2010). Ontogenetic characteristics of behavior in rats subjected to hypoxia on day 14 or day 18 of embryogenesis. Neurosci Behav Physiol 40:231–8
  • Ema M, Naya M, Yoshida K, Nagaosa R. (2010). Reproductive and developmental toxicity of degradation products of refrigerants in experimental animals. Reprod Toxicol 29:1–9
  • Fried PA, Watkinson B, Gray R. (1998). Differential effects on cognitive functioning in 9- to 12-year olds prenatally exposed to cigarettes and marihuana. Neurotoxicol Teratol 20:293–306
  • Frydman M. (1996). The smoking addiction of pregnant women and the consequences on their offspring’s intellectual development. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 15:169–72
  • Ginkis MLA, Clifford CB. (2006). Clinical laboratory parameters for Crl:CD(SD) rats. Wilmington, MA: Charles River Laboratories
  • Gravante G, Ong SL, Metcalfe MS, et al. (2010). Effects of hypoxia due to isovolemic hemodilution on an ex vivo normothermic perfused liver model. J Surg Res 160:73–80
  • Guillerm R, Radziszewski E. (1979). Effects on man of 30-day exposure to a PICO2 of 14 torr (2%): application to exposure limits. Undersea Biomed Res 6:S91–114
  • Hahn ME, Lavooy MJ. (2005). A review of the methods of studies on infant ultrasound production and maternal retrieval in small rodents. Behav Genet 35:31–52
  • Haldane JS. (1895). The action of carbonic acid on man. J Gen Physiol 18:430–62
  • Hardt DJ, James RA, Gut CP Jr, Gargas ML. (2011a). Health risk assessment of women in submarines: reproductive and developmental toxicity evaluation of major submarine atmosphere components (CO, CO2, and O2) in rats (Rattus norvegicus) – phase I (range finding study). Naval Medical Research Unit –Dayton, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH. NAMRU-D report number 11-35. Available from: http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA550977 [last accessed 2 Apr 2014]
  • Hardt DJ, James RA, Gut CP Jr, et al. (2011b). Health risk assessment of women in submarines: reproductive and developmental toxicity evaluation of major submarine atmosphere components (CO, CO2, and O2) in rats (Rattus norvegicus) – phase II (neurological and reproductive performance study). Naval Medical Research Unit – Dayton, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH. NAMRU-D report number 12-03. Available from: http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a553409.pdf [last accessed 2 Apr 2014]
  • Hardt DJ, James RA, Gut CP Jr, et al. (2012). Health risk assessment of women in submarines (Phase III): two generation developmental and reproductive safety evaluation of major submarine atmosphere components (CO, CO2, and O2) in rats (Rattus norvegicus). Naval Medical Research Unit – Dayton, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH. NAMRU-D report number 12-46. Available from: http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a570896.pdf [last accessed 2 Apr 2014]
  • Hardt DJ, James RA, Gut CP Jr, et al. (2014). Evaluation of submarine atmospheres: effects of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen on general toxicology, neurobehavioral performance, reproduction and development in rats: II. 90-day study. Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH. (Submitted)
  • Haring OM. (1960). Cardiac malformations in rats induced by exposure of the mother to carbon dioxide during pregnancy. Circ Res 8:1218–27
  • Health and Safety Executive. (2007). PSD Guidance Document. Toxicological significance of reduced levels of serum ALT and/or AST in animal studies. Chemical Regulation Directorate. York, UK: PSD, 1–17
  • Lilienthal JL Jr, Fugitt CH. (1946). The effect of low concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin on the altitude tolerance of man. Am J Physiol 145:359–64
  • Lynch AM, Bruce NW. (1989). Placental growth in rats exposed to carbon monoxide at selected stages of pregnancy. Biol Neonate 56:151–7
  • McFarland RA, Roughton FJW, Halperin MH, Niven JI. (1944). The effects of carbon monoxide and altitude on visual thresholds. J Aviat Med 15:381–94
  • Mactutus CF, Fechter LD. (1985). Moderate prenatal carbon monoxide exposure produces persistent, and apparently permanent, memory deficits in rats. Teratology 31:1–12
  • Malik S, Cleves MA, Honein MA, et al. (2008). Maternal smoking and congenital heart defects. Pediatrics 121:e810–16
  • Manzey D, Lorenz B. (1998). Joint NASA-ESA-DARA Study. Part Three: effects of chronically elevated CO2 on mental performance during 26 days of confinement. Aviat Space Environ Med 69:506–14
  • Marcondes FK, Bianchi FJ, Tanno AP. (2002). Determination of the estrous cycle phases of rats: some helpful considerations. Braz J Biol 62:609–14
  • McGregor HP, Westcott K, Walker DW. (1998). The effect of prenatal exposure to carbon monoxide on breathing and growth of the newborn guinea pig. Pediatr Res 43:126–31
  • McInturf SM, Bekkedal MY, Wilfong E, et al. (2008). Neurobehavioral effects of sodium tungstate exposure on rats and their progeny. Neurotoxicol Teratol 30:455–61
  • Morris R. (1984). Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 11:47–60
  • Mukherjee DP, Singh SP. (1967). Effect of increased carbon dioxide in inspired air on the morphology of spermatozoa and fertility of mice. J Reprod Fertil 13:165–7
  • Mylrea KC, Abbrecht PH. (1970). Hematological responses of mice subjected to continuous hypoxia. Am J Physiol 218:1145–9
  • National Research Council. (2007). Emergency and continuous exposure guidance levels for selected submarine contaminants. Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press
  • National Research Council. (2008). Emergency and continuous exposure guidance levels for selected submarine contaminants. Volume 2. Washington, DC: National Academy Press
  • National Research Council. (2009). Emergency and continuous exposure guidance levels for selected submarine contaminants. Volume 3. Washington, DC: National Academy Press
  • National Research Council (US). (2011). Committee for the update of the guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. 8th ed. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US)
  • Pellis VC, Pellis SM, Teitelbaum P. (1991). A descriptive analysis of the postnatal development of contact-righting in rats (Rattus norvegicus). Dev Psychobiol 24:237–63
  • Prigge E, Hochrainer D. (1977). Effects of carbon monoxide inhalation on erythropoiesis and cardiac hypertrophy in fetal rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 42:225–8
  • Reckzeh G, Dontewill W, Leuschner F. (1975). Testing of cigarette smoke inhalation for teratogenicity in rats. Toxicology 4:289–95
  • Rossi J III, Ritchie GD, Macys DA, Still KR. (1996). An overview of the development, validation, and application of neurobehavioral and neuromolecular toxicity assessment batteries: potential applications to combustion toxicology. Toxicology 115:107–17
  • Salam MT, Millstein J, Li YF, et al. (2005). Birth outcomes and prenatal exposure to ozone, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter: results from the Children’s Health Study. Environ Health Perspect 113:1638–44
  • Schneider EC, Truesdale D. (1922). The effects on the circulation and respiration of an increase in carbon dioxide content of the blood in man. Am J Physiol 63:155–75 (as cited in NRC, 2007)
  • Schulte JH. (1963). Effects of mild carbon monoxide intoxication. Arch Environ Health 7:524–30
  • Sharp P, La Regina M. (1998). The laboratory rat. New York: CRC Press
  • Singh J, Scott LH. (1984). Threshold for carbon monoxide induced fetotoxicity. Teratology 30:253–7
  • Turnbull GJ, Lee PN, Roe FJ. (1985). Relationship of body-weight gain to longevity and to risk of development of nephropathy and neoplasia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 23:355–61
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). Benchmark dose technical guidance EPA/100/R-12/001. June 2012. Risk Assessment Forum. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA
  • U.S. Navy. (1992). Technical manual for nuclear powered submarine atmosphere control. Volume 1, Revision 3, Preliminary Technical Manual. NAVSEA S9510-AB-ATM-010/(U). Washington, DC: Naval Sea Systems Command
  • Vandemark NL, Schanbacher BD, Gomes WR. (1972). Alterations in testes of rats exposed to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. J Reprod Fertil 28:457–9
  • Venditti CC, Casselman R, Smith GN. (2011). Effects of chronic carbon monoxide exposure on fetal growth and development in mice. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 11:101
  • Vieira E, Cleaton-Jones P, Austin JC, et al. (1980). Effects of low concentrations of nitrous oxide on rat fetuses. Anesth Analg 59:175–7
  • Vorhees CV, Williams MT. (2006). Morris water maze: procedures for assessing spatial and related forms of learning and memory. Nat Protoc 1:848–58
  • Walter GL. (1999). Effects of carbon dioxide inhalation on hematology, coagulation, and serum clinical chemistry values in rats. Toxicol Pathol 27:217–25
  • Wilson AJ, Schaefer KE. (1979). Effect of prolonged exposure to elevated carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide levels on red blood cell parameters during submarine patrols. Undersea Biomed Res 6 Suppl:S49–56

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.