References
- Adeyemi O, Roberts S, Harris J, et al. (2009). QA interval as an indirect measure of cardiac contractility in the conscious telemeterised rat: model optimisation and evaluation. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 60:159–66
- Bosson J, Pourazar J, Forsberg B, et al. (2007). Ozone enhances the airway inflammation initiated by diesel exhaust. Respir Med 101:1140–6
- Brook RD, Kousha T. (2015). Air pollution and emergency department visits for hypertension in Edmonton and Calgary, Canada: a case-crossover study. Am J Hypertens 28:1121–6
- Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA, III et al. (2010). Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation 121:2331–78
- Cakmak S, Dales R, Leech J, Liu L. (2011). The influence of air pollution on cardiovascular and pulmonary function and exercise capacity: Canadian health measure surveys (CHMS). Environ Res 111:1309–12
- Cambridge D, Whiting MV. (1986). Evaluation of the QA interval as an index of cardiac contractility in anaesthetised dogs: responses to changes in cardiac loading and heart rate. Cardiovasc Res 20:444–50
- Carll AP, Haykal-Coates N, Winsett DW, et al. (2010). Particulate matter inhalation exacerbates cardiopulmonary injury in a rat model of isoproterenol-induced cardiomyopathy. Inhal Toxicol 22:355–68
- Carll AP, Lamb C, Hazari MS, et al. (2012). Whole and particle-free diesel exhausts differentially affect cardiac electrophysiology, blood pressure, and autonomic balance in heart failure-prone rats. Toxicol Sci 128:490–9
- Carll AP, Lamb C, Hazari MS, et al. (2013). Diesel exhaust inhalation increases cardiac output, bradyarrhythmias, and parasympathetic tone in aged heart failure-prone rats. Toxicol Sci 131:583–95
- Chan SH, Van Hee VC, Bergen S, et al. (2015). Long-term air pollution exposure and blood pressure in the sister study. Environ Health Perspect 123:951–8
- Chen R, Samoli E, Wong CM, et al. (2012). Associations between short-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide and mortality in 17 Chinese cities: the China Air Pollution and Health Effects Study (CAPES). Environ Int 45:32–8
- Chen SY, Wu CF, Lee JH, et al. (2015). Associations between long-term air pollutant exposures and blood pressure in elderly residents of Taipei city: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health Perspect 123:779–84
- Drechsler-Parks DM. (1995). Cardiac output effects of O3 and NO2 exposure in healthy older adults. Toxicol Ind Health 11:99–109
- Ebersviller S, Lichtveld K, Sexton KG, et al. (2012). Gaseous VOCs rapidly modify particulate matter and its biological effects – Part 1: simple VOCs and model PM. Atmos Chem Phys Discuss 12:5065–105
- Fakhri AA, Ilic LM, Wellenius GA, et al. (2009). Autonomic effects of controlled fine particulate exposure in young healthy adults: effect modification by ozone. Environ Health Perspect 117:1287–92
- Farraj AK, Haykal-Coates N, Winsett DW, et al. (2009). Increased non-conducted P-wave arrhythmias after a single oil fly ash inhalation exposure in hypertensive rats. Environ Health Perspect 117:709–15
- Farraj AK, Hazari MS, Winsett DW, et al. (2012). Overt and latent cardiac effects of ozone inhalation in rats: evidence for autonomic modulation and increased myocardial vulnerability. Environ Health Perspect 120:348–54
- Farraj AK, Walsh L, Haykal-Coates N, et al. (2015). Cardiac effects of seasonal ambient particulate matter and ozone co-exposure in rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 12:12
- Foraster M, Kunzli N, Aguilera I, et al. (2014). High blood pressure and long-term exposure to indoor noise and air pollution from road traffic. Environ Health Perspect 122:1193–200
- Garjani A, Azarmiy Y, Zakheri A, et al. (2011). Vascular dysfunction in short-term hypercholesterolemia despite the absence of atherosclerotic lesions. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 3:73–7
- Hazari MS, Haykal-Coates N, Winsett DW, et al. (2009). A single exposure to particulate or gaseous air pollution increases the risk of aconitine-induced cardiac arrhythmia in hypertensive rats. Toxicol Sci 112:532–42
- Hazari MS, Haykal-Coates N, Winsett DW, et al. (2011). TRPA1 and sympathetic activation contribute to increased risk of triggered cardiac arrhythmias in hypertensive rats exposed to diesel exhaust. Environ Health Perspect 119:951–7
- Henneberger A, Zareba W, Ibald-Mulli A, et al. (2005). Repolarization changes induced by air pollution in ischemic heart disease patients. Environ Health Perspect 113:440–6
- Hirata K, Yamano Y, Suzuki H, et al. (2010). Passive smoking is associated with lower serum HDL-C levels in school children. Pediatr Int 52:252–6
- Huang YC, Rappold AG, Graff DW, et al. (2012). Synergistic effects of exposure to concentrated ambient fine pollution particles and nitrogen dioxide in humans. Inhal Toxicol 24:790–7
- Houle MS, Billman GE. (1999). Low-frequency component of the heart rate variability spectrum: a poor marker of sympathetic activity. Am J Physiol 276:H215–23
- Jacobs L, Emmerechts J, Hoylaerts MF, et al. (2011). Traffic air pollution and oxidized LDL. PLoS One 6:e16200
- Jacobs L, Buczynska A, Walgraeve C, et al. (2012). Acute changes in pulse pressure in relation to constituents of particulate air pollution in elderly persons. Environ Res 117:60–7
- Kurhanewicz N, McIntosh-Kastrinsky R, Tong H, et al. (2014). Ozone co-exposure modifies cardiac responses to fine and ultrafine ambient particulate matter in mice: concordance of electrocardiogram and mechanical responses. Part Fibre Toxicol 11:54
- Lamb CM, Hazari MS, Haykal-Coates, et al. (2012). Divergent electrocardiographic responses to whole and particle-free diesel exhaust inhalation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Toxicol Sci 125:558–68
- Madden MC, Stevens T, Case M, et al. (2014). Diesel exhaust modulates ozone-induced lung function decrements in healthy human volunteers. Part Fibre Toxicol 11:37
- Mauderly JL, Samet JM. (2009). Is there evidence for synergy among air pollutants in causing health effects? Environ Health Perspect 117:1–6
- Notarius CF, Butler GC, Shin-ichi A, et al. (1999). Dissociation between microneurographic and heart rate variability estimates of sympathetic tone in normal subjects and patients with heart failure. Clin Sci Sci 96:557–65
- O'Toole TE, Hellmann J, Wheat L, III et al. (2010). Episodic exposure to fine particulate air pollution decreases circulating levels of endothelial progenitor cells. Circ Res 107:200–3
- Page RL, Tang AS, Prystowsky EN. (1991). Effect of continuous enhanced vagal tone on atrioventricular nodal and sinoatrial nodal function in humans. Circ Res 68:1614–20
- Perez CM, Hazari MS, Haykal-Coates, et al. (2013). Hypoxia stress test reveals exaggerated cardiovascular effects in hypertensive rats after exposure to the air pollutant acrolein. Toxicol Sci 132:467–77
- Rowan WH, III Campen MJ, Wichers LB, Watkinson WP. (2007). Heart rate variability in rodents: uses and caveats in toxicological studies. Cardiovasc Toxicol 7:28–51
- Rye KA, Barter PJ. (2014). Cardioprotective functions of HDLs. J Lipid Res 55:168–79
- Sancini A, Caciari T, Di Famiani M, et al. (2010). Meta-analysis: cardiovascular effects in workers occupationally exposed to urban pollution. G Ital Med Lav Ergon 32:352–4
- Sapire DW, Shah JJ, Black IF. (1979). Prolonged atrioventricular conduction in young children and adolescents. The role of increased vagal tone. S Afr Med J 55:669–73
- Sivagangabalan G, Spears D, Masse S, et al. (2011). The effect of air pollution on spatial dispersion of myocardial repolarization in healthy human volunteers. J Am Coll Cardiol 57:198–206
- Srebot V, Gianicolo EA, Rainaldi G, et al. (2009). Ozone and cardiovascular injury. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound 7:30
- Sun L, Liu C, Xu X, et al. (2013). Ambient fine particulate matter and ozone exposures induce inflammation in epicardial and perirenal adipose tissues in rats fed a high fructose diet. Part Fibre Toxicol 10:43
- Takano H, Yanagisawa R, Inoue K, et al. (2004). Nitrogen dioxide air pollution near ambient levels is an atherogenic risk primarily in obese subjects: a brief communication. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 229:361–4
- United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2013). Integrated science assessment for ozone and related photochemical oxidants. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/ncea/isa/ozone.htm. [Last accessed: 14 Aug 2015]
- United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2008). Integrated science assessment for oxides of nitrogen – health criteria. Available from: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=194645. [Last accessed: 14 Aug 2015]
- United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2009). Integrated science assessment for particulate matter. Available from: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=216546. [Last accessed: 14 Aug 2015]
- Wagner JG, Allen K, Yang HY, et al. (2014). Cardiovascular depression in rats exposed to inhaled particulate matter and ozone: effects of diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Environ Health Perspect 122:27–33
- Weichenthal S, Hatzopoulou M, Goldberg MS. (2014). Exposure to traffic-related air pollution during physical activity and acute changes in blood pressure, autonomic and micro-vascular function in women: a cross-over study. Part Fibre Toxicol 11:70