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Original Articles

The Emerging Politics of Genetic Biocontrol

 

Abstract

Biological threats such as invasive species or plant pests pose major challenges for global sustainable development. Different methods of genetic engineering are increasingly being explored as potential response options. Such methods may serve to control biological threats by releasing into the environment organisms with specific inheritable characteristics. This text outlines the emergence of such genetic biocontrol as a complex and contested new issue area in sustainability politics.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

1 IPBES, “Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services” (Bonn: Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, 2019).

2 D. R. Paini, A. W. Sheppard, D. C. Cook, P. J. De Barro, S. P. Worner, and M. B. Thomas, “Global Threat to Agriculture From Invasive Species,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 27 (2016): 7575–79.

3 A. L. Wilson, O., Courtenay, L. A. Kelly-Hope, T. W. Scott, W. Takken, S. J. Torr, and S. W. Lindsay, “The Importance of Vector Control for the Control and Elimination of Vector-Borne Diseases,” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no. 1 (2020): e0007831.

4 J. Godwin, M. Serr, S. K. Barnhill-Dilling, D. V. Blondel, P. R. Brown, K. Campbell, K., … P. Thomas, “Rodent Gene Drives for Conservation: Opportunities and Data Needs,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 286, no. 1914 (2019): 20191606.

5 United Nations, The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2020 (2020), 60.

6 E.g., A. Swei, L. I. Couper, L. L. Coffey, D. Kapan, and S. Bennett, “Patterns, Drivers, and Challenges of Vector-Borne Disease Emergence,” Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 20, no. 3 (2020): 159–70; J. Rocklöv and R. Dubrow, “Climate Change: An Enduring Challenge for Vector-Borne Disease Prevention and Control,” Nature Immunology 21, no. 5 (2020): 479–83.

7 K. C. Long, L. Alphey, G. J. Annas, C. S. Bloss, K. J. Campbell, J. Champer, J., … O. S. Akbari, “Core Commitments for Field Trials of Gene Drive Organisms,” Science 370, no. 6523 (2020): 1417–19.

8 F. Biermann, T. Hickmann, C. A. Sénit, M. Beisheim, S. Bernstein, P. Chasek, … B. Wicke, “Scientific Evidence on the Political Impact of the Sustainable Development Goals,” Nature Sustainability 5, no. 9 (2022): 795–800.

9 M. Dolezel, C. Lüthi, and H, Gaugitsch, “Beyond Limits—The Pitfalls of Global Gene Drives for Environmental Risk Assessment in the European Union,” BioRisk 15 (2020): 129; K. Pfeifer, J. L. Frieß, and B. Giese, “Insect Allies—Assessment of a Viral Approach to Plant Genome Editing,” Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 18, no. 6 (2022): 1488–99.

10 F. Rabitz, “Gene Drives and the International Biodiversity Regime,” Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law 28, no. 3 (2019): 339–48.

11 A. S. De Campos, S. Hartley, C. de Koning, J. Lezaun, and L. Velho, “Responsible Innovation and Political Accountability: Genetically Modified Mosquitoes in Brazil,” Journal of Responsible Innovation 4, no. 1 (2017): 5–23; S. W. Evans and M. J. Palmer, “Anomaly Handling and the Politics of Gene Drives,” Journal of Responsible Innovation 5, suppl. 1 (2018): S223–42.

12 C. Boëte, “Gene Drive and Trust in Science,” Genewatch: A Bulletin of the Committee for Responsible Genetics 31, no. 1 (2018); R. G. Reeves, S. Voeneky, D. Caetano-Anollés, F. Beck, and C. Boëte, “Agricultural Research, or a New Bioweapon System?,” Science 362, no. 6410 (2018): 35–37.

13 M. Huesemann and J. Huesemann, Techno-Fix: Why Technology Won’t Save Us or the Environment (New Society Publishers, 2011).

14 T. Bernauer, Genes, Trade, and Regulation: The Seeds of Conflict in Food Biotechnology (Princeton University Press, 2003); M. A. Pollack and G. C. Shaffer, When Cooperation Fails: The International Law and Politics of Genetically Modified Foods (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).

15 F. Rabitz, “Biopiracy After the Nagoya Protocol: Problem Structure, Regime Design and Implementation Challenges,” Brazilian Political Science Review 9 (2015): 30–53; R. Andersen, Governing Agrobiodiversity: Plant Genetics and Developing Countries (Routledge, 2016).

16 R. Van Driesche and T. S. Bellows, Jr., Biological Control (Boston: Kluwer, 2001), 6.

17 M. Christodoulou, “Biological Vector Control of Mosquito-Borne Diseases,” The Lancet Infectious Diseases 11, no. 2 (2011): 84–85.

18 B. Gilna, J. Kuzma, and S. S. Otts, “Governance of Genetic Biocontrol Technologies for Invasive Fish,” Biological Invasions, 16 (2014): 1299–312, 1300.

19 De Campos et al., note 11.

20 M. P. Atkinson, Z. Su, N. Alphey, L. S. Alphey, P. G. Coleman, and L. M. Wein, “Analyzing the Control of Mosquito-Borne Diseases by a Dominant Lethal Genetic System,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 22 (2007): 9540–45.

21 O. Iturbe‐Ormaetxe, T. Walker, and S. L. O’Neill, “Wolbachia and the Biological Control of Mosquito‐Borne Disease,” EMBO Reports 12, no. 6 (2011): 508–18.

22 National Academy of Sciences, Gene Drives on the Horizon: Advancing Science, Navigating Uncertainty, and Aligning Research With Public Values (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2016), 1.

23 H. J. Schouten, F.A. Krens, and E. Jacobsen, Cisgenic plants are similar to traditionally bred plants: International regulations for genetically modified organisms should be altered to exempt cisgenesis. EMBO Rep. 2006 Aug;7(8):750-3. doi: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400769. PMID: 16880817; PMCID: PMC1525145.

24 K. M. Esvelt, A. L. Smidler, F. Catteruccia, and G. M. Church, “Concerning RNA-Guided Gene Drives for the Alteration of Wild Populations,” elife 3 (2014): e03401; E. Bier, “Gene Drives Gaining Speed,” Nature Reviews Genetics 23, no. 1 (2022): 5–22; Godwin et al., note 4.

25 Long et al., note 7.

26 Dolezel et al., note 9.

27 Godwin et al., note 4.

28 Pfeifer et al., note 9.

29 Reeves et al., note 12.

30 Bier, note 23.

31 A. Ickowicz, S. D. Foster, G. R. Hosack, and K. R. Hayes, “Predicting the Spread and Persistence of Genetically Modified Dominant Sterile Male Mosquitoes,” Parasites & Vectors 14, no. 1 (2021): 1–14.

32 S. Schwindenhammer, “The Rise, Regulation and Risks of Genetically Modified Insect Technology in Global Agriculture,” Science, Technology and Society 25, no. 1 (2020): 124–41, 133–34.

33 Cartagena Protocol, Article 15.1.

34 Rabitz, note 10.

35 A. Gupta and R. Falkner, “The Influence of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: Comparing Mexico, China and South Africa,” Global Environmental Politics 6, no. 4 (2006): 23–55.

36 J. L. Reynolds, “Earth System Interventions as Technologies of the Anthropocene,” Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 40 (2021): 132–46.

37 Huesemann and Huesemann, note 13.

38 Esvelt et al., note 23.

39 Reynolds, note 35.

40 WHO, Guidance Framework For Testing Genetically Modified Mosquitoes, 2nd ed. (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2021), xix.

41 See CBD, Synthetic Biology. Decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, CBD/COP/DEC/14/19 (2018).

42 R. F. Durant and J. S. Legge, Jr., “Public Opinion, Risk Perceptions, and Genetically Modified Food Regulatory Policy: Reassessing the Calculus of Dissent Among European Citizens,” European Union Politics 6, no. 2 (2005): 181–200.

43 Evans and Palmer, note 11.

44 See de Campos et al., note 11, p. 16.

45 Reeves et al., note 12.

46 Boëte, note 12; see also E. Callaway, “Ban on ‘Gene Drives’ Is Back on the UN’s Agenda—Worrying Scientists,” Nature 563, no. 7731 (2018): 454–56.

47 E.g., R. Falkner, Business Power and Conflict in International Environmental Politics (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2008).

48 S. Hartley, D. Thizy, K. Ledingham, M. Coulibaly, A. Diabaté, B Dicko, … L. Paré Toé, “Knowledge Engagement in Gene Drive Research for Malaria Control,” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 13, no. 4 (2019): e0007233.

49 De Campos et al., note 11.

50 E.g., Rabitz, note 15; Y. Shu and J. McCauley, “GISAID: Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data—From Vision to Reality,” Eurosurveillance 22, no. 13 (2017): 30494; S. W. Evans, J. Beal, K. Berger, D. A. Bleijs, A. Cagnetti, F. Ceroni, … M. W. van Passel, “Embrace Experimentation in Biosecurity Governance,” Science 368, no. 6487 (2020): 138–40.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Florian Rabitz

Florian Rabitz is a chief researcher in the Research Group Civil Society and Sustainability at Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania. He specializes in the global governance of technology and the environment. His work centers on the question of how to design fair and effective governance mechanisms that leverage novel technologies for environmental sustainability while simultaneously managing their diverse environmental, political, and social risks.

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