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Acknowledgement
We are grateful to Brendan Costello, Simone Flueckiger, Simona Mancini, Clara D. Martin, Nicola Molinaro and Marta Valdazo-Vester for useful comments and suggestions on an earlier draft. The errors that remain are solely ours.
Notes
1 For the sake of simplicity, we use the term bilingual(s) in the pages that follow even though the observations and conclusions reached could be equally applied to speakers who are proficient in more than two languages (polyglots). See, for instance, Cheng et al. (Citation2021) for a revision of the problems entailed by a coarse-grained definition of bilingual speaker.
2 In Spanish, where number concord is overtly realised (most of the time), you would produce ancianos old[adj.m.pl] maestros teacher[m.pl] where the modifier of the DP exhibits number and gender concord with the nominal head.
3 “[T]he root [in List 1] provides a conceptual basis for the meaning of the word but only after the word is categorized is a word meaning extracted [from List 3]” (p. 43). Shining examples in Spanish include músic-o musician[m.sg] (‘musician’) vs. músic-a musician[f.pl] (‘musician’) or ciruel-o plum[m.sg] (‘plum tree’) vs. ciruel-a plum[f.pl] (‘plum’).
4 “A term used in [comparative] and [historical] linguistics to refer to a linguistic [form] taken over by one [language] or [dialect] from another” (CitationDLP, s.v. borrowing).
5 Also known as code-shifting or style-shifting (CitationDLP, s.v. code), this process refers to the situation “when a speaker changes from one language code to another, according to where they are, who they are talking to, which [speech] community they identify with, and so on” (CitationODEG, s.v. code).