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Part Four: Emotions and the Afterlives of Slavery

Whose Emotions?

 

ABSTRACT

This article is intended both as a methodological intervention and as a provocation. It calls on us to think very carefully about how, why and (ultimately) if we should do this work of combining the history of slavery and the history of emotions. There is a danger that, without thinking through the ethics of researching and writing about the intimate, inner lives of the enslaved, the field will replicate the extractive nature of transatlantic slavery and contribute to the perpetuation of the very same emotional standards that Black people were subjected to under slavery. Thinking alongside Black Studies scholars and Black feminist theory, this article explores the following questions: whose emotions are we talking about and given the extractive nature of transatlantic slavery, how can we avoid this field perpetuating the emotional standards the regime created? It argues that considering the emotions of researchers and descendants of the enslaved is vital, as is careful consideration of the ethics and limits of the historian’s work.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1 ‘CFP: “Slavery and Emotions in the Atlantic World” | H-Slavery | H-Net’, accessed 6 July 2022, https://networks.h-net.org/node/11465/discussions/9646273/cfp-slavery-and-emotions-atlantic-world.

2 ‘CFP: “Slavery and Emotions in the Atlantic World” | H-Slavery | H-Net’.

3 ‘CFP: “Slavery and Emotions in the Atlantic World” | H-Slavery | H-Net’. https://royalhistsoc.org/calendar/call-for-papers-slavery-and-emotions-in-the-atlantic-world/

4 Sasha Turner, keynote lecture: ‘Deciphering Emotions in the Archive’, Conference on ‘Slavery and Emotions in the Atlantic World’, Reading, England (Nov. 17–18, 2022).

5 Thora Siemsen, ‘On Working with Archives: An Interview with Writer Saidiya Hartman’, The Creative Independent, 18 April 2018, https://thecreativeindependent.com/people/saidiya-hartman-on-working-with-archives/.

6 Siemsen.

7 Saidiya V. Hartman, Lose Your Mother: A Journey along the Atlantic Slave Route (London: Serpent’s Tail, 2007).

8 Christina Elizabeth Sharpe, In the Wake: On Blackness and Being (Durham: Duke University Press, 2016).

9 ‘Call for Papers: “Slavery and Emotions in the Atlantic World” | RHS’, accessed 6 July 2022, https://royalhistsoc.org/calendar/call-for-papers-slavery-and-emotions-in-the-atlantic-world/.

10 Anna Arabindan-Kesson, Black Bodies, White Gold: Art, Cotton, and Commerce in the Atlantic World (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2021).

11 Simon Gunn and Lucy Faire, eds., Research Methods for History, Second edition, Research Methods for the Arts and Humanities (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2016), 15.

12 ‘Archival Research’, in Wikipedia, 26 December 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archival_research&oldid=1129623564.

13 Stephanie E. Smallwood, ‘The Politics of the Archive and History’s Accountability to the Enslaved’, History of the Present 6, no. 2 (2016): 123, https://doi.org/10.5406/historypresent.6.2.0117.

14 Ann Laura Stoler, ‘Colonial Archives and the Arts of Governance’, Archival Science 2, no. 1 (1 March 2002): 87–109, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02435632.

15 Katherine McKittrick, Dear Science and Other Stories, (Durham: Duke University Press, 2021), 25.

16 ‘Race, Ethnicity & Equality Report | RHS’, accessed 28 April 2023, https://royalhistsoc.org/racereport/; Shahmima Akhtar, ‘REVISITING RHS’S “RACE, ETHNICITY & EQUALITY IN UK HISTORY: A REPORT AND RESOURCE FOR CHANGE”’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 31 (December 2021): 115–22, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080440121000062.

17 Saidiya Hartman, ‘Venus in Two Acts’, Small Axe 12, no. 2 (2008): 4.

18 Hartman, 2.

19 McKittrick, Dear Science and Other Stories, 49.

20 McKittrick, 44–5.

21 Smallwood, ‘The Politics of the Archive and History’s Accountability to the Enslaved’, 125.

22 Carole A Myscofski, ‘Against The Grain: Learning And Teaching’, Honorees for Teaching Excellence 4 (2001): 2.

23 Barbara H. Rosenwein and Riccardo Cristiani, What Is the History of Emotions?, What Is History? Series. (Cambridge, UK ; Polity Press, 2018), 1.

24 Rosenwein and Cristiani, What Is the History of Emotions?

25 Peter N. Stearns and Carol Z. Stearns, ‘Emotionology: Clarifying the History of Emotions and Emotional Standards’, American Historical Review 90, no. 4 (October 1985): 813, https://doi.org/10.2307/1858841.

26 Stearns and Stearns, 813; ‘An Introduction to the History of Emotions’, The York Historian (blog), 4 November 2019, https://theyorkhistorian.com/2019/11/04/an-introduction-to-the-history-of-emotions/.

27 Stearns and Stearns, ‘Emotionology’; Rosenwein and Cristiani, What Is the History of Emotions?

28 Rosenwein and Cristiani, What Is the History of Emotions?

29 ‘Call for Papers: “Slavery and Emotions in the Atlantic World” | RHS’.

30 McKittrick, Dear Science and Other Stories, 49.

31 ‘Gronniosaw, Ukawsaw [Pseud. James Albert] (1710×14–1775), Freed Slave and Autobiographer’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, accessed 6 July 2022, https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/71634.

32 ‘Gronniosaw, Ukawsaw [Pseud. James Albert] (1710×14–1775), Freed Slave and Autobiographer’; ‘James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw. A Narrative of the Most Remarkable Particulars in the Life of James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, an African Prince, as Related by Himself.’, accessed 6 July 2022, https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/gronniosaw/gronnios.html.

33 Mary Prince and Sara Salih, The History of Mary Prince: A West Indian Slave, Penguin Classics (London ; New York: Penguin Books, 2000).

34 Between 1936-1938, the Works Progress Administration Federal Writers’ Project sent unemployed writers to interview people in 17 states and write down their life stories. More than 2,300 first-person accounts of slavery from formerly enslaved people were collected into Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States from Interviews with Former Slaves; Beth R. Wilson, ‘“I Ain’ Mad Now and I Know Taint No Use to Lie”: Honesty, Anger, and Emotional Resistance in Formerly Enslaved Women’s 1930s’ Testimony’, American Nineteenth Century History 22, no. 3 (2 September 2021): 307–26, https://doi.org/10.1080/14664658.2021.2022543.

35 Wilson, 309.

36 Wilson, 307.

37 Dawn Johnson, ‘Black Feminist Thought, Interrupted: Dissecting the Voice of Black Feminists in the Blogosphere and Their Engagement with Platform Affordances’, Theses and Dissertations, 1 January 2021, https://doi.org/10.25772/8E6H-W693.

38 Wilson, ‘“I Ain’ Mad Now and I Know Taint No Use to Lie”’.

39 Janelle Grant, ‘No, I’m Not Crazy: A Black Feminist Perspective of Gaslighting within Doctoral Socialization’, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 34, no. 10 (26 November 2021): 939–47, https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2021.1930258.

40 Jason Arday and Heidi Mirza, Dismantling Race in Higher Education (New York, NY: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018).

41 Nadena Doharty, ‘The “Angry Black Woman” as Intellectual Bondage: Being Strategically Emotional on the Academic Plantation’, Race Ethnicity and Education 23, no. 4 (3 July 2020): 548–62, https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2019.1679751.

42 Doharty, 551.

43 Alexis Pauline Gumbs, Undrowned: Black Feminist Lessons from Marine Mammals, Emergent Strategy Series (Chico: AK Press, 2020).

44 Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, ‘Feeling Race: Theorizing the Racial Economy of Emotions’, American Sociological Review 84, no. 1 (1 February 2019): 1–25, https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418816958.

45 James Sweet, ‘Is History History? Identity Politics and Teleologies of the Present’, accessed 28 April 2023, https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/september-2022/is-history-history-identity-politics-and-teleologies-of-the-present.

46 Doharty, ‘The “Angry Black Woman” as Intellectual Bondage’, 552.

47 E. H. Carr, What Is History?: E.H. Carr, 1st edition (Penguin Classics, 2018); Helen Carr, ‘History According to EH Carr’, New Statesman (blog), 8 May 2019, https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2019/05/subjectivity-study-history-eh-carr.

48 Smallwood, ‘The Politics of the Archive and History’s Accountability to the Enslaved’, 125.

49 Caroline Davies, ‘Child Q: Four Met Police Officers Facing Investigation over Strip-Search’, The Guardian, 15 June 2022, sec. UK news, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/jun/15/child-q-four-met-police-officers-facing-investigation-over-strip-search. Accessed 31 January.

50 City & Hackney Safeguarding Children Partnership, ‘Local Child Safeguarding Practice Review: Child Q’, 2022.

51 Aamna Mohdin, ‘“They Saw Me as Calculating, Not a Child”: How Adultification Leads to Black Children Being Treated as Criminals’, The Guardian, 5 July 2022, sec. Society, https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/jul/05/they-saw-me-as-calculating-not-a-child-how-adultification-leads-to-black-children-being-treated-as-criminals.

52 Mohdin, ‘‘They Saw me as Calculating, Not a Child’.

53 Alison N. Cooke and Amy G. Halberstadt, ‘Adultification, Anger Bias, and Adults’ Different Perceptions of Black and White Children’, Cognition and Emotion 35, no. 7 (3 October 2021): 1416–22, https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2021.1950127.

54 Cooke and Halberstadt, ‘Adultification, Anger Bias, and Adults’ Different Perceptions’.

55 Liana Valerio, The Performance and Appearance of Confidence Among the Enslavers of South Carolina and Cuba’, 28, in this collection.

56 Gordon Gill, ‘Enslavement, Emotions and Oppositional Insolence in the Slave Society of British Guiana' in this collection, 145. See also Lee Honeycutt, Aristotle’s Rhetoric: A Hypertextual Resource, Book 11, Chapter 2. See https://kairos.technorhetoric.net/stasis/2017/honeycutt/aristotle/rhet2-2.html#:∼:text=3)%20Insolence%20is%20also%20a,insolence%2C%22%20but%20vengeance.)

57 Niamh McIntyre, Nazia Parveen, and Tobi Thomas, ‘Exclusion Rates Five Times Higher for Black Caribbean Pupils in Parts of England’, The Guardian, 24 March 2021, sec. Education, https://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/mar/24/exclusion-rates-black-caribbean-pupils-england; ‘Black Children Disadvantaged and Over-Policed in Schools, Report Warns’, ITV News, 29 April 2022, https://www.itv.com/news/2022-04-29/black-children-disadvantaged-and-over-policed-in-schools-report-warns.

58 ‘Your First Midwife Appointment’, nhs.uk, 1 December 2020, https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/finding-out/your-first-midwife-appointment/.

60 Hannah Summers, ‘Black Women in the UK Four Times More Likely to Die in Pregnancy or Childbirth’, The Guardian, 15 January 2021, sec. Global development, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jan/15/black-women-in-the-uk-four-times-more-likely-to-die-in-pregnancy-or-childbirth.

61 Kelly Yu-Hsin Liao, Meifen Wei, and Mengxi Yin, ‘The Misunderstood Schema of the Strong Black Woman: Exploring Its Mental Health Consequences and Coping Responses Among African American Women’, Psychology of Women Quarterly 44, no. 1 (1 March 2020): 84–104, https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684319883198; ‘How the “Strong Black Woman” Identity Both Helps and Hurts’, Greater Good, accessed 7 February 2023, https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_the_strong_black_woman_identity_both_helps_and_hurts.

62 Rosenwein and Cristiani, What Is the History of Emotions?, 3.

63 Stearns and Stearns, ‘Emotionology’, 836.

64 Stoler, ‘Colonial Archives and the Arts of Governance’.

65 Sria Chatterjee et al., ‘The Arts, Environmental Justice, and the Ecological Crisis’, British Art Studies, no. 18 (30 November 2020), https://doi.org/10.17658/issn.2058-5462/issue-18/conversation.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Hannah Cusworth

Ascription: Hannah Cusworth is an AHRC funded PhD researcher working in collaboration with English Heritage and the University of Hull School of Humanities, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston Upon Hull, HU6 7RX. Email: [email protected]