Carnivore chaphamaparvovirus-1 (CaChPV-1) infection in diarrheic dogs reveals viral endotheliotropism in intestine and lung

Abstract

Background

Carnivore chaphamaparvovirus-1 (CaChPV-1) is a parvovirus identified in dogs and association of infection with diarrhea is controversial. Information on whether tissue tropism persists is lacking.

Objectives

To determine the disease association of CaChPV-1 in dogs with diarrhea and to investigate viral tropism and genetic diversity.

Animals and methods

CaChPV-1 infection was investigated in five recently deceased puppies and designed a retrospective study to determine whether the presence of CaChPV-1 is associated with diarrhea. The retrospective study was conducted in 137 intestinal tissue samples and 168 fecal samples obtained from 305 dogs. CaChPV-1 tissue localization was determined using in situ hybridization, and CaChPV-1 complete genomes obtained from dead puppies and retrospective study were sequenced and analyzed.

Results

CaChPV-1 was detected in 6.56% (20/305) of tested dogs, including 14 diarrheic- and 6 non-diarrheic dogs, and was significant in puppies with diarrhea (p = 0.048). Among the CaChPV-1-positive diarrheic dogs, one sample was obtained from intestinal tissue and 13 samples were fecal samples. However, six CaChPV-1 positive non-diarrheic dogs were based on fecal samples but not on intestinal tissue. Within the age range, the presence of CaChPV-1 was significant in puppies (p < 0.00001) and was mainly localized in the stromal and endothelial cells of intestinal villi and pulmonary alveoli. Phylogenetic analysis indicated genetic diversity of CaChPV-1 Thai strains that were mostly clustered within the sequences found in China.

Conclusions

Although definitive pathogenesis of CaChPV-1 remains undetermined, this study provides evidence supporting that CaChPV-1 localizes in canine cells and could play a potential role as an enteric pathogen.

Keywords:

• Canine
• dog
• Chaphamaparvovirus
• CaChPV-1
• cachavirus
• parvovirus
• diarrhea
• enteritis
• pneumonia

Disclosure statement

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ethics statement

All experimental protocols were approved by the Chulalongkorn University Animal Care and Use Committee (No. 2231006). All procedures were done in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines and regulations.

Data availability statement

All the data supporting our findings is contained within the manuscript. Eight full-length coding sequences of the CaChPV-1 have been deposited in NCBI GenBank under accession numbers OP225937–OP225944.

Additional information

Funding

C.P. was supported by the Ratchadapisek Somphot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University. P.L. received a grant from The National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT): (N41A640189) and The Second Century Fund (C2F), Chulalongkorn University. T.V.N. was granted from The Second Century Fund (C2F), Chulalongkorn University. This research is funded by Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund Chulalongkorn University (CU_FRB65_hea(89)_194_31_13) and partly supported by National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT): R. Thanawongnuwech NRCT Senior Scholar 2022 #N42A650553.