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Notes
1. Yusuf Samih Asmay, Islam in Victorian Liverpool: An Ottoman Account of Britain’s First Mosque Community, (Translated and edited with an Introduction and Appendixes by Yahya Birt, Riordan and Münire Zeyneb Maksudoğlu), (Swansea, 2021).
2. Whilst the LMI was officially established in 1891, it had been active since 1887 with Quilliam leading a small group of converts.
3. Birt, Macnamara, Maksudoğlu, “Introduction”, p. 2.
4. John J Pool, Studies in Mohammedanism, (Parliament Street, 1892).
5. Birt, Macnamara, Maksudoğlu, p. 30.
6. Asmay, p. 11.
7. Bidah simply means innovation and it can be negative or positive. In this case, for Asmay, it was negative.
8. Ibid, p. 86.
9. Callum G Brown, The Death of Christian Britain: Understanding Secularisation, 1800–2000, (London, 2009), p. 14.
10. Ron Geaves, Islam in Victorian Britain: The Life and Times of Abdullah Quilliam, (Markfield, 2010).
11. Asmay, p. 78.
12. Birt, Macnamara, Maksudoğlu, p. 15.
13. Asmay, pp. 99–108.
14. Birt, Macnamara, Maksudoğlu, p. 17, Anthony Storr, Feet of Clay: A Study of Gurus, (New York, 1997).