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Abstract
As two of the world’s largest energy consumers, the United States and China regularly consult on energy matters and, at times, exchange information on innovations and best practices within the field. These habits extend back to the early 1970s when the two countries initiated diplomatic exchanges following President Richard Nixon’s historic visit to China in February 1972. Since that time, energy has been viewed as a relatively ‘safe’ and non-controversial topic that has enhanced bilateral relations and mutual confidence. Simultaneously, however, China and Chinese state-sponsored energy firms have aggressively moved into energy markets around the world in search of energy resources which are designed to satisfy China’s growing energy demands. US officials have, on certain occasions, reacted with some degree of unease or alarm regarding these activities and are fearful that such commercial relationships might enhance Chinese political influence or geopolitical standing in certain regions, such as the Middle East, where the US has traditionally enjoyed hegemonic pre-eminence. Regarding future prospects of Sino-American energy cooperation, there are both positive and negative factors. On the whole, however, this article argues that despite some compelling negative indicators – such as a growing military competition dynamic emerging between the two countries – energy cooperation will likely continue into the future.
Notes
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147 China’s Military Strategy (The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China, May 2015) 2, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2015-05/26/content_20820628.htm accessed 2 September 2016.
148 李剑[Li Jian], 陈文文[Chen Wenwen] and 金晶[Jin Jing], 印度洋海权格局与中国海权的印度洋拓展[‘Chinese Sea Power Expansion and the State of Sea Power in the Indian Ocean’] (2014) 22(5) 16 太平洋学报[Pacific Journal]. Translated by China Maritime Studies Institute, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, US Naval War College.
149 Wang Jisi, ‘Understanding Strategic Distrust: The Chinese Side’ in Kenneth Lieberthal and Wang Jisi, Addressing US-China Strategic Distrust (Brookings Institution, Monograph Series, No 4, March 2012) 13.
150 Zheng Bijian, ‘China’s “Peaceful Rise” to Great-Power Status’ (2005) 84(5) Foreign Affairs 18.
151 China’s Military Strategy (The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China, May 2015) 1.
152 22 US Code section 3301 www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/3301 accessed 15 March 2016.
153 22 US Code section 3301 www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/3301 accessed 15 March 2016
154 China’s Military Strategy (The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China, May 2015) 1.
155 The National Military Strategy of the United States of America 2015 (Department of Defense, June 2015) 2.
156 Among other things, the US deployed a destroyer near two artificial islands claimed by China in the South China Sea in late October 2015. In December 2015, the US deployed a B-52 bomber within two nautical miles of one of China’s disputed artificial islands. See Helene Cooper and Michael Forsythe, ‘US Bomber Mistakenly Flew Near Disputed Island in South China Sea’ New York Times (18 December 2015) www.nytimes.com/2015/12/19/world/asia/us-bomber-mistakenly-flew-near-disputed-island-in-south-china-sea.html accessed 14 January 2016.
157 Permanent Court of Arbitration, Press Release, The South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of the Philippines v The People’s Republic of China) (The Hague, 12 July 2016) https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Press-Release-No-11-English.pdf accessed 18 July 2016.
158 Jane Perlez, ‘China Flexes Its Muscles in Protest of Sea Ruling’ New York Times (14 July 2016) A11.
159 The Asia-Pacific Maritime Security Strategy (US Department of Defense 2015) 10 www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/NDAA%20A-P_Maritime_SecuritY_Strategy-08142015-1300-FINALFORMAT.PDF accessed 13 January 2016.
160 The Asia-Pacific Maritime Security Strategy: Achieving US National Security Objectives in a Changing Environment (US Department of Defense 2015) 8.