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International Interactions
Empirical and Theoretical Research in International Relations
Volume 50, 2024 - Issue 2
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Shifting sands: How change-point and community detection can enrich our understanding of international politics

, , , & ORCID Icon
Pages 349-369 | Received 09 Feb 2023, Accepted 11 Jan 2024, Published online: 18 Feb 2024
 

Abstract

When and how do international political arrangements change? International relations scholars have long examined the nature of shifts in international alliance and cooperation networks, often arguing that times of disruption in the international system are the most precarious for peace. In this research note, we rely on innovations in change-point and community detection methods to endogenously examine the timing and nature of shifts in country-to-country relationships through defense cooperative agreements. Using new methodical innovations from network science, we can see how countries move through different communities over time, changing the nature of polarity in the system. This empirical approach can help provide insights into determinants of peace, vulnerabilities in the international system, and potential aggressors in world politics.

¿Cuándo y cómo cambian los acuerdos políticos internacionales? Los académicos del ámbito de las relaciones internacionales han estudiado, durante mucho tiempo, la naturaleza de los cambios en las redes internacionales de alianza y cooperación y, a menudo, han argumentado que las épocas de disrupción en el sistema internacional son las más precarias para la paz. En esta nota de investigación, nos basamos en las innovaciones que se han producido en los métodos de detección de puntos de cambio y de comunidades con el fin de estudiar endógenamente el momento y la forma de los cambios que han tenido lugar en las relaciones entre países a través de acuerdos de cooperación en materia de defensa. Podemos observar, a través del uso de las nuevas innovaciones metódicas de la ciencia de redes, cómo los países se mueven a través de diferentes comunidades a lo largo del tiempo, cambiando la naturaleza de la polaridad en el sistema. Este enfoque empírico puede ayudar a proporcionar información sobre los determinantes de la paz, las vulnerabilidades en el sistema internacional y los posibles agresores en la política mundial.

Quand et comment les arrangements politiques internationaux évoluent-ils ? Depuis longtemps, les chercheurs en relations internationales analysent la nature des changements au sein des alliances internationales et des réseaux de coopération. Souvent, ils affirment que les périodes où les systèmes internationaux sont perturbés compromettent la paix. Dans cette note de recherche, nous nous basons sur les innovations relatives au déclencheur du changement et aux méthodes de détection des communautés. Ce faisant, nous examinons de façon endogène la date et la nature des changements dans les relations entre les pays par le biais des accords de coopération et de défense. À l’aide de nouvelles innovations méthodiques de la science des réseaux, nous observons comment les pays évoluent au sein de différentes communautés au fil du temps, en modifiant la nature de la polarité dans le système. Cette approche empirique nous renseigne quant aux déterminants de la paix, aux vulnérabilités au sein du système international et aux agresseurs potentiels en politique mondiale.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1 We define power as the ability to get an actor to do something they would otherwise not do (Dahl Citation2007). In our examination, we are looking at how defense agreements provide military power across countries. The distribution of these relationships can create fragmentation or polarity in the overall system of world power.

2 Greenhill and Lupu (Citation2017) recently examined changes in polarity or fragmentation in the IGO network, finding that shifts are frequent, and fragmentation generally decreases over time.

3 Our appendix provides descriptive figures to illustrate changes over time and differences in country-level subgroup centrality.

4 There are other validation methods, of course, like iteratively removing countries one by one. We hope future scholars can build upon our work.

5 We thank an anonymous reviewer for this point.

6 Our appendix shows the final AUC-ROC curve for the model across our 50 replications. The final logistic regression table is also in the appendix.

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