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Research Articles

Drivers of hydrologic budgets in small terminal lakes in the Alberta prairies

ORCID Icon, , , , , , , & show all
Pages 253-267 | Received 14 Sep 2022, Accepted 02 Oct 2023, Published online: 14 Oct 2023
 

Abstract

The prairies and boreal plain within the North Saskatchewan Watershed (NSW) of Central Alberta have numerous shallow ponds and lakes that sustain unique aquatic ecosystems and are critical habitat for migratory waterfowl in North America. However, over the past 20 years water levels have declined and the reasons are unresolved. Here we used a combination of inorganic geochemical analyses and stable water isotopes to constrain the hydrologic budgets of six lakes in the NSW. Our results show that the bedrock groundwater major element geochemistry is controlled by chemical weathering reactions along the flow paths and is dominated by lower δ18O and δ2H values (i.e. isotopically depleted), while the lake water generally shows unchanging evaporatively enriched stable isotope values and cation concentrations. An isotopic mass balance (IMB) technique combined with solution geochemical modelling using activity – activity plots reveals that deep groundwater input is negligible, while the lakes appear to lose a greater fraction of water inflows to evaporation (60%) than shallow groundwater and surface outflow (40%). The relative importance of shallow groundwater requires further study, as shallow groundwater sampling locations are scarce and surface outflow is negligible. The IMB technique also indicated that these prairie lakes have short water residence times, ranging from 1.8 to 10.4 yrs. Our results suggest that declining lake levels are likely the result of a changing relationship between precipitation and evaporation from the climatic norm.

RÉSUMÉ

Les prairies et la plaine boréale du bassin versant de la rivière Saskatchewan Nord (RSN) du centre de l’Alberta abritent de nombreux étangs, marres et lacs peu profonds qui soutiennent des écosystèmes aquatiques uniques et constituent un habitat essentiel pour les oiseaux migrateurs en Amérique du Nord. Cependant, au cours des 20 dernières années, les niveaux d‘eau ont drastiquement diminué et les raisons environnementales restent inexpliquées. Cette étude utilise une combinaison d‘analyses géochimiques inorganiques et isotopiques de l‘eau pour contraindre les bilans hydrologiques de six lacs de la RSN. Nos résultats démontrent que les éléments majeurs des eaux souterraines sont contrôlés par des réactions liées à l’altération chimique sur les zones d’écoulements et sont dominés par des valeurs δ18O and δ2H plus basses (c‘est-à-dire isotopiquement appauvries). Au contraire, l‘eau des lacs montre généralement des valeurs isotopiques stables enrichies par l’évaporation et des concentrations constantes en cations. Une technique de bilan isotopique (IMB), combinée à la modélisation géochimique des solutions et des graphiques d‘activité révèle que l‘apport en eaux souterraines profondes est négligeable. En revanche, les lacs semblent perdre leur plus grande fraction des apports en eau par évaporation (60%), puis par les eaux souterraines peu profondes et les écoulements de surface (40%). L'importance relative des eaux souterraines peu profondes nécessite des études supplémentaires, car les emplacements d‘échantillonnage des eaux souterraines peu profondes sont rares et les écoulements de surface sont négligeables. La technique IMB a également indiqué que les lacs de prairies étudiés ont des temps de résidence courts, variant de 1,8 à 10,4 années. Nos résultats suggèrent que la diminution des niveaux des lacs est probablement le résultat d‘une évolution de la relation entre les précipitations et l‘évaporation par rapport à la norme climatique.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the contributions of the residents and volunteers of the Parkland County and North Saskatchewan Watershed Alliance (NSWA), without which this project would not have been a success. Additionally, we would like to thank Aria Zhang, of the University of Alberta who assisted in sample analysis. We would like to thank Chi-Fan Shih at North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) for providing evaporation data between 53 to 54N and -114 to -115W. We would also like to thank the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) for funding this project in the form of an undergraduate student research award (USRA) to KNS and NSERC Discovery Grants to DSA (RGPIN-2020-05289) and DGF. No potential competing interest was reported by the authors.

Correction Statement

This article has been corrected with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

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