Relationship of trihalomethane in drinking water with hypertension and arrhythmia among young and middle-aged adults in Petropavlovsk, Kazakhstan

ABSTRACT

There are no studies investigating the association of chlorinated drinking water with the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) among young and middle-aged adults. This study was aimed to assess the associations between trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water and the risk of CVDs in in the target group in Petropavlovsk, Kazakhstan. 448 dwellers of Petropavlovsk were asked about their demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, behavioural characteristics, and drinking water preferences. THMs exposure was assessed to each participant based on their residence address. We used multivariable logistic regression analysis to assess the risk of CVDs in young and middle-aged adults. The results showed that the risk of hypertension in the adjusted logistic regression model was increased by 68%   and a 2.7-fold   in the second and third THM tertiles, respectively. Participants in the second and third THM exposure tertiles had a 2.3-fold and a 4.8-fold increase in the risk of arrhythmia.

KEYWORDS:

• Trihalomethanes
• public health risk assessment
• young and middle-aged adults
• hypertension
• arrhythmia

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Author contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Nazim Nikiforov, Audrius Dėdelė and Auksė Miškinytė. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Nazim Nikiforov and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Consent for publication

The authors approved the version to be published.

Data availability statement

All the data analyzed during this study are included in this article.

Ethical approval and consent to participate

This article does not contain any clinical studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. However, all the participants of the survey were initially informed that the survey is anonymous and obtained data will be used in scientific purposes exceptionally. They were also informed that by filling out the questionnaire they agree to participate in the survey and that the collected data will be used in the actual research. Electronic consent to participate was undertaken by each participant in order to minimize the survey time.

Additional information

Funding

The author(s) reported that there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.