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Notes
1. Herodotus is easily accessible in Herodotus, The History. David Grene, trans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2. Tall imposing headdresses, shaped with birchbark cones and covered with luxurious cloth or fur, could then be decorated with plaques or platelets of gold, silver, and other precious metals. Some included cones of precious metals. These and other heavy jewelry such as earrings, necklaces, and bracelets, representing wearable wealth for nomads, were targets of grave robbers. For a sense of headdress elaboration, see photographs of traditional Mongolian female dress, e.g. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1455/clothing-in-the-mongol-empire/ (accessed June 23, 2021), or the Kazakh wedding headdress in Vladimir A. Basilov, ed., Nomads of Eurasia (Los Angeles Natural History Museum, [Soviet] Academy of Sciences, 1989), p. 112.
3. Compare Vladimir A. Basilov, ed., Nomads of Eurasia (Los Angeles Natural History Museum, [Soviet] Academy of Sciences, 1989), p. 41.
4. For perspective, see Marija Alseikaitė Gimbutas, and Joan Marler. The Civilization of the Goddess The World of Old Europe. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1991. Larissa Pavlinskaya discusses a female Massagetae (Sakian) queen of mid-6th century BCE: “When the Persian king Cyrus II refused to bargain, the Massagetae queen attacked in fury with all her forces and destroyed the Persians almost totally.” Larisa R. Pavlinskaya “The Scythians and Sakians, Eighth to Third Centuries B.C.” In Vladimir A. Basilov, ed. Nomads of Eurasia. Los Angeles Natural History Museum, [Soviet] Academy of Sciences, 1989, p. 22.
5. Relevant articles include: Olga A. Khomiakova “Zhenskie pogrebeniia iugo-vostochnoi pribaltiki 1-VIII vv.” Rossiiskaia arkheologiia, 2020, no. 1, pp. 90–106; Al’fiia Enikeeva “Zagadka amazonok. Drevnie voiny-muzhchiny na samom dele okazalis’ zhenshinami” RIA-Nauki https://ria.ru/20200712/1574191615.html July 12, 2020 (accessed 11/19/2020); Zvezdana Dode “Predmety zhenskogo kostiuma iz zolotoordynskogo zakhoroneniia mogil’nika Tingutinskii 1” Tyragetia, vol. 12 [XXVII] (1), 2018, pp. 331–46.
6. The precious 2,500-year-old Scythian period Pazyryk female mummy of the sacred Ukok plateau is currently in a climate-controlled museum in Gorno-Altaisk, after extensive travels, while many of her grave goods remain in Novosibirsk. For further perspective, see Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer “Editor’s Introduction: Archeology and Nationalism” Anthropology and Archeology of Eurasia, 2013, vol. 52 (2), pp. 3–4, and the excellent article by Gertjan Plets et al. in that theme issue: Plets, G., N. Konstantinov, V. Soenov, and E. Robinsson, “Repatriation, Doxa, and Contested Heritages: The Return of the Altai Princess in an International Perspective,” Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia, 2013, 52(2), pp. 73–98.