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ABSTRACT
In Russia, two-thirds of the heat supply industry is located in harsh climatic conditions. This is also the most important public industry of the economy and largely determines the country’s energy security. Many problems have accumulated during the reform of the heat supply industry, which are connected with the technological, organizational, and economic problems of the electricity industry. This is primarily due to the lack of mechanisms to manage the industry’s functions and development. The target model of the thermal energy market adopted by the Russian government has not eliminated these problems but further aggravates the situation. To change the current situation, it is necessary to organizationally transform the retail electricity and thermal energy markets, change the relationship between the suppliers and consumers of thermal energy, introduce a tariff-based system founded on market principles, and implement the use of new technologies. This will ensure technological transformation and improve the reliability and availability of the heat supply. To achieve this will require the development and adoption of the appropriate legislative and regulatory measures.
Disclosure Statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Notes
1. A power supply agreement (PSA) is a mechanism for guaranteeing the return on investment by adding a special surcharge to the tariff.
2. Available at http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/jil-f/jkh3.docx; accessed on July 8, 2019.
3. Available at http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/jil-f/jkh3.docx; accessed on July 8, 2019.
4. For more information on the damage caused by the “boilerization” of the industry, see Bogdanov et al. (2008).
5. Available at https://minenergo.gov.ru/view-pdf/10850/80685; accessed on July 8, 2019.
6. Available at http://ac.gov.ru/files/publication/a/16270.pdf; accessed on July 8, 2019.
7. Available at http://ac.gov.ru/files/publication/a/16709.pdf; accessed on July 8, 2019.
8. Federal’nyi zakon No. 35-FZ, “Ob elektroenergetike,” March 26, 2003.
9. Federal’nyi zakon No. 190-FZ, “O teplosnabzhenii,” July 27, 2010,
10. Federal’nyi zakon No. 190-FZ, “O teplosnabzhenii,” July 27, 2010 (amended July 19, 2018).
11. Rasporiazhenie Pravitel’stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii ot 2 oktiabria 2014 No. 1949-r, Plan meropriiatii (“Dorozhnaia karta”) “Vnedrenie tselevoi modeli rynka teplovoi energii.”
12. The “alternative boiler plant” is the name of a new method for calculating heat prices in the thermal energy market. It is used to evaluate price relations between heat market participants. It does not refer to the building of physical boiler plants. In the literature, the method is also referred to as the “alternative boiler house.”—Trans.
13. The “physical method” is based on the distribution of costs in proportion to the amount of fuel consumed for each type of energy based on the heat balance. At the same time, it assumes that the same amount of fuel is spent on obtaining thermal energy from turbines as when heat is released directly from boilers.
14. A direct-flow heat supply system is one in which the selection of the heat carrier, produced at the heat source, is taken directly from the heat network.
15. The two-flow heat supply system hydraulically separates heat-consuming installations from the heat sources and networks. Such systems are typically used in small heating systems. The three-flow heat supply system consists of three hydraulically independent flows—the heat source, heat network, and heat consumption system—which are separated from each other by heat exchangers. Such systems should be used in large heat supply systems with complex topographies.
16. A unified energy supply organization provides nondiscriminatory access to the network complex of independent energy producers and consumers. It unites the entire natural monopoly sphere of activity with the aim of operating and developing the networks.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
V.A. Stennikov
V.A. Stennikov, corresponding member of Russian Academy of Sciences and doctor of technical sciences, is Director of the Melentiev Energy Systems Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk. E-mail: [email protected].
A.V. Penkovskii
A.V. Penkovskii, candidate of technical sciences, is affiliated with the Melentiev Energy Systems Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk. E-mail: [email protected].