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Notes
1 Feroz Hassan Khan, Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012). I worked at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) at the same time as Khan and accompanied him to early interviews for that book, though he finished the book many years after I had ceased to work with him. Mansoor Ahmed also provided research assistance to Khan, but after I departed NPS.
2 See especially Pervez Musharraf, In the Line of Fire: A Memoir (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), pp. 286-296.
3 Nayanima Basu, “AQ Khan: Hero for Pakistan, builder of Islamic bomb, notorious nuclear smuggler for the world,” ThePrint [India], October 11, 2021.
4 Graham Allison and Philip Zelikow, Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis, 2nd ed. (New York: Longman, 1999), 297.
5 Hymans’s discussion of the Pakistani case can be found in Jacques Hymans, Achieving Nuclear Ambitions: Scientists, Politicians, and Proliferation (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 243-248.
6 R. Scott Kemp, “The Nonproliferation Emperor Has No Clothes: The Gas Centrifuge, Supply-Side Controls, and the Future of Nuclear Proliferation,” International Security, Vol. 38, No. 4 (2014), pp. 64-67.
7 For a related argument, see Nicholas L. Miller, Stopping the Bomb: The Sources and Effectiveness of US Nonproliferation Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2018).
8 Office of the Secretary of Defense, US Department of Defense, Proliferation: Threat and Response (Washington, DC: GPO, 2001), 27.
9 See also Jeffrey Lewis, “The Untold Story of China’s Forgotten Underground Nuclear Reactor,” Foreign Policy, July 8, 2014, <https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/07/08/the-untold-story-of-chinas-forgotten-underground-nuclear-reactor/>; Hui Zhang, “Why China stopped making fissile material for nukes,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March 15, 2018, <https://thebulletin.org/2018/03/why-china-stopped-making-fissile-material-for-nukes/>.
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Christopher Clary
Christopher Clary is an assistant professor of political science at the University at Albany, State University of New York and a nonresident fellow of the Stimson Center. He is the author of The Difficult Politics of Peace: Rivalry in Modern South Asia (2022).