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Notes
1 Martin Plaut, former BBC World Service Africa Programme Editor.
2 Kelly Gillespie & Leigh-Ann Naidoo, Between the Cold War and the Fire: The Student Movement, Antiassimilation and the Question of the Future in South Africa, South Atlantic Quarterly (2019) 118, 1, 226-239.
3 See, for example, Tom Lodge, The Red Road to Freedom: A History of the South African Communist Party 1921-2021. (Jacana, 2021). And H-Net review by Professor Irina Filatova, https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=57078
4 See, for example, OA Westad, The Global Cold War (Cambridge University Press, 2006); Vladimir Shubin, The ‘Hot’ Cold War: The USSR in Southern Africa, (Pluto Press, 2008); Onslow (ed) White Power. Black Liberation. Cold War in Southern Africa (Routledge, 2009); Greg Houston & Sifiso Ndlovu (eds), The Road to Democracy in South Africa volumes 1-10, South African Democracy Education Trust (SADET) (UNISA Publishers); Onslow and Anna-Mart Van Wyk, Cold War in Southern Africa post-1974 (Cold War International History Project, 2015); Philip Muehlenbeck and Natalia Telepneva, Warsaw Pack Intervention in the Third World. Aid and Influence in the Cold War (Bloomsbury, 2019); Telepneva, Cold War Liberation. The Soviet Union and the Collapse of the Portuguese Empire in Africa 1961-1975 (University of North Carolina Press, 2022); Lena Dallywater, Chris Saunders, and Helder Adegar Fonseca (eds.) Southern African Liberation Movements and the Global Cold War “East”: Transnational Activism 1960–1990 (De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2019); see also Helder Adegar Fonseca, Lena Dallywater, Chris Saunders (eds), Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union and Africa: New Perspectives on the Era of Decolonisation, 1950 to 1990s (De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2023).
5 Southern African Liberation Movements and the Global Cold War ‘East’, 11.
6 ‘Decolonisation of a special type: rethinking Cold War History in Southern Africa’ special issue,
Kronos vol.37 n.1 Cape Town Jan. 2011. See Christopher J Lee, introductory essay. https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0259-01902011000100001&script=sci_arttext
7 Lena Dallywater, Chris Saunders, Helder Adegar Fonseca (eds.), Southern African Liberation Movements and the Global Cold War ‘East’. Transnational Activism 1960-1990 (De Gruyter, 2019).
8 See for example, Irina Filatova and Apollon Davidson, The Hidden Thread. Russia and South Africa in the Soviet Era (Jonathan Ball, 2013); and Tom Lodge, Red Road to Freedom. A History of the South African Communist Party 1921-2021 (James Currey, 2022). Stephen Ellis, External Mission. The ANC in Exile 1960-1990 (Hurst, 2015); Ellis, The ANC and the Liberation Struggle in South Africa (Routledge, 2017), and Ellis, ‘Nelson Mandela, The South African Communist Party and the origins of Umkhonto we Sizwe’, Cold War History (2015) 16.1, 1-18
9 See, for example, Robin Renwick: Unconventional Diplomacy in Southern Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 1997), and A Journey with Margaret Thatcher (Biteback Publishers, 2014); Charles Moore, The Authorized Biography of Margaret Thatcher. Volume 3 (Penguin, 2020); Patrick Salmon (ed), Documents on British Policy Overseas, Series III, Volume, IX: The Challenge of Apartheid: UK- South African relations 1985-1986 (Whitehall Histories, 2016); Patrick Salmon & Martin Jewitt (eds), Documents on British Policy Overseas, Series III, Volume XI: The Unwinding of Apartheid: UK-South African Relations, 1986-1990 (Whitehall Histories, 2019). Alex Thompson, ‘Contending with apartheid: United States Foreign Policy towards South Africa, 1948-1994, Studia Diplomatica, Vol. 58, No. 4 (2005), 51-74, and United States Foreign Policy towards South Africa, 1948-1994. Conflicts of Interest (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008). See also, Y G-M Lulat, U.S. Relations With South Africa: An Annotated Bibliography, volume 1: Books, Documents, Reports, and Monographs (Routledge, 2019).
10 The anti-apartheid struggle can be interpreted as the drive for internal decolonisation inside South Africa.
11 South African Foreign Minister RF (Pik) Botha interview with Sue Onslow, 15 July 2008. Available at https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/5806/2/Pik_Botha_Transcript_Appendix_1.pdf
12 Piero Gleijeses, Visions of Freedom. Havana, Washington, Pretoria and the Struggle for Southern Africa 1976-1991 (University of North Carolina Press, 2013).
13 William Zartman, ‘The Timing of Peace Initiatives. Hurting Stalemates and Ripe Moments’, the Global Review of Ethnopolitics, 1,1, (2001), 8-18.
14 Gary Baines, South Africa’s Border War. Contested Narratives and Conflicting Memories (Bloomsbury, 2014). General Jannie Geldenhuys, in Onslow and Van Wyk (eds), Cold War in Southern Africa post-1974.
15 Sandra Bott, La Suisse et L’Afrique du Sud, 1945-1990: commerce, finance et achat d’or durant l’apartheid (PhD thesis, 2008).
16 See Adamishin, The White Sun of Angola, CWIHP.
17 Anna Mart Van Wyk and Jo-Ansie Van Wyk have argued conclusively, ‘the importance and extent of non-state transnational anti-apartheid and antinuclear activism and tactics of the liberation movement … [T]he ANC’s transnational campaign increased global awareness of apartheid and sanctions busting, while also unmasking the secret nuclear ambitions and weapons program of the apartheid government, which contributed to the total isolation of the country.’ Wilson Center, NPIHP Working Paper No. 16, November 2020. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/uploads/documents/NPIHP_Working_Paper_16_African_National_Congress_Apartheid_South_Africa_Nuclear_Program_%28November_2020%29.pdf
18 RF ‘Pik’ Botha interview with Sue Onslow, 15 July 2008, 12.
19 This UN-supervised process was also not without its fraught moments which threatened to derail the whole international settlement. See RF ‘Pik’ Botha interview; Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (HarperCollins, 1993); Charles Moore, The Authorized Biography of Margaret Thatcher. Volume 3 (Penguin, 2020).
20 Robert Jaster relegates the Soviets to ‘handholders’ in the negotiations. ‘They weren’t really important’, quoted in Blight & Weiss, 239. Jaster also dismissed Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs (1981-1989) Chester Crocker’s claims that ‘constructive engagement’ was crucial, as ‘a broken clock which eventually told the right time’. For alternative perspectives, see Adamishin, The White Sun of Angola, and Crocker, Herding Cats. Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World (US Institute of Peace Press, 1999).
21 Kathryn O’Neill and Barry Munslow, ‘Ending the Cold War in Southern Africa’, Third World Quarterly, 12, 3-4, 1990.
22 Under the 1983 constitution, this of course did not include black Africans, and Indian and Coloured voters had limited political rights.
23 Chris Saunders, ‘The South Africa-Angola Talks 1976-1984: A little known Cold War Thread’, Kronos, 37,1, 2011.
24 Blight & Weiss.
25 RF ‘Pik’ Botha interview with Sue Onslow, 13.
26 Kate Manzo and Pat McGowan, ‘Afrikaner Fears and the Politics of Despair: Understanding Change in South Africa’, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 36, No. 1 (Mar., 1992), 1-24; Herman Giliomee, The Afrikaners. Biography of a People (Hurst Publishers, 2012); Giliomee, ‘Surrender without Defeat: Afrikaners and the South African “Miracle”’, Daedalus, Vol. 126, No. 2, Human Diversity (Spring, 1997), 113-146; Mark Saunders, ‘The Intellectual and Apartheid’, in V. Y. Mudimbe and Bogumil Jewsiewicki (eds) Complicities (Duke University Press, 2002).
27 James Blight & Thomas Weiss, ‘Must the Grass Still Suffer? Some thoughts on Third World Conflicts after the Cold War.’ Third World Quarterly, 13, 2, 1992.
28 Heribert Adam and Kogila Moodley, ‘South Africa: Current Trends in White Politics’, Geneve, Vol.27, 2 (January 1989); see also Herman Giliomee, The Last Afrikaner Leaders: a supreme test of power (University of Virginia Press, 2013), and The Afrikaners. Biography of a People (University of Virginia Press, 2010); Willie Esterhuyse, Endgame: Secret Talks and the End of Apartheid (Tafelberg, 2012); Sampie Terreblanche, Lost in Transformation. South Africa’s search for a new future since 1986 (KMM Publishing, 2013).
29 Annette Seagers, quoted in Blight and Weiss, ‘Must the Grass Still. Suffer?’, 237.
30 David Welsh, ‘Far Right Terrorism in South Africa’, Terrorism and Political Violence, 7,1 (1995), 239-264. Brian du Toit, “The Far Right in Current South African Politics.” Journal of Modern African Studies 29 (4), 1991, 627–667.
31 Jorge Risquet, quoted in Blight & Weiss, ‘Must the Grass Still Suffer?’; Gleijeses, Visions of Freedom.
32 Shubin, The ‘Hot’ Cold War, 3.
33 Irina Filatova conference paper, ‘Wars of National Liberation’, University of Cape Town 2008.
34 Anna Mart Van Wyk, South Africa’s Nuclear Programme and the Cold War, History Compass (2010); JA Van Wyk and AM Van Wyk, ‘From Nuclear Laager to the Non-Proliferation Club: South Africa and the NPT’, South African Historical Journal (2015), 67,1, 32-46.
35 How ordinary South Africans understand and interpret the Cold War in the region has also altered dramatically from the days of apartheid. Since 1994 there has been a substantial modification of the national history curriculum, which includes re-interpretation of the Cold War’s influence and connections with the anti-apartheid struggle. See ‘The Cold War in the Class room. The Cold War in South Africa history textbooks’, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-11999-7_10 .