The utilization of novel NaF/Al₂O₃ catalysts in the process of hydrothermal liquefaction of Crambe orientalis: synthesis and characterization

ABSTRACT

This research study explores the influence of NaF/Al₂O₃ catalysts on the process of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of Crambe Orientalis. Three distinct catalysts were prepared and examined through a multitude of methodologies including FT-IR, BET, XRD and SEM/EDX/EDS. The HTL were made at temperatures ranging from 275 to 350°C for a duration of 0 to 60 minutes. The liquid products obtained were subjected to elemental, GC-MS, FT-IR, and¹H NMR analyses. The findings of this study demonstrate that NaF/Al₂O₃ catalysts effectively enhance the yield of liquid products. The liquid products that were obtained displayed an exceptionally elevated carbon content, with a maximum value of 80.97% achieved at a temperature of 350°C. These liquid products exhibit superior heating values (HHV), which vary between 37.64 and 29.31 MJ/kg. The catalysts demonstrated efficacy in enhancing the liquid product yield, characterized by a heightened proportion of aliphatic compounds and a diminished ratio of oxygen constituents. It was determined that the obtained catalysts may have the potential to obtain liquid products with high carbon content and energy values.

KEYWORDS:

• Heterogeneous catalyst
• sodium fluoride
• alumina
• Crambe orientalis
• hydrothermal liquefaction

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Supplemental material

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2024.2323707

Additional information

Funding

This research was supported by the Van Yuzuncu Yil University Research Fund [No. FDK-2020-9219].

Notes on contributors

Salih Genel

Dr. Salih Genel successfully attained his PhD degree in 2022, focusing his research on the conversion of biomass into alternative forms of energy. Throughout his doctoral studies, he specialized in the synthesis of novel catalysts and their application in both pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction processes. Dr. Genel’s work aimed to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of biomass conversion methods. Presently, Dr. Genel is actively engaged in research activities at Yüzüncü Yıl University, where he contributes his expertise to various projects.

Halil Durak

Dr. Halil Durak is a distinguished researcher and educator specializing in Chemical Engineering and Technology, Environmental Chemistry and Technology, and Renewable Energy Systems. His phD research delved deeply into Chemical Kinetics and Mineral Processing, establishing a solid foundation for his subsequent academic and professional pursuits. SThroughout his career, Dr. Durak has undertaken extensive investigations into Alternative Energy Resources, Ore-Dressing, and Chemical-Biological Winning Techniques, contributing significantly to the advancement of these fields. His pioneering work has led to the development of innovative technologies aimed at energy production and resource extraction, making substantial contributions to sustainability and environmental preservation efforts. Currently, Dr. Halil Durak holds the esteemed position of Professor at Yuzuncu Yil University, where he actively engages in scholarly activities, including research, teaching, and mentorship.