I am the law: how Judge Dredd predicted our future

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Notes

1 Michael Molcher, I Am The Law: How Judge Dredd Predicted Our Future (Rebellion, 2023).

2 Derrick Bryson Taylor, ‘George Floyd Protests: A Timeline’ (New York Times, 5 Nov 2021) <https://www.nytimes.com/article/george-floyd-protests-timeline.html> accessed 18 Jul 2023.

3 Meg Kelly, Joyce Sohyun Lee, and Jon Swaine, ‘Partially blinded by police’ (Washington Post, 14 Jul 2020) <https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2020/07/14/george-floyd-protests-police-blinding/> accessed 18 Jul 2023.

4 Vikram Dodd and Haroon Siddique, ‘Sarah Everard murder: Wayne Couzens given whole-life sentence’ (The Guardian, 30 Sept 2021) <https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/sep/30/sarah-everard-murder-wayne-couzens-whole-life-sentence> accessed 18 Jul 2023.

5 Tristan Kirk, ‘Met officers justify breaking up Sarah Everard vigil as it became “anti-police protest”’ (Evening Standard, 7 Jun 2022) <https://www.standard.co.uk/news/crime/met-officers-sarah-everard-vigil-protest-arrests-prosecution-b1004602.html> accessed 18 Jul 2023.

6 Molcher (n1) 66.

7 ibid 37.

8 James Poulter, ‘How ‘ACAB’ Became the Universal Anti-Police Slogan’ (Vice, 8 Jun 2020) <https://www.vice.com/en/article/akzv48/acab-all-cops-are-bastards-origin-story-protest> accessed 18 Jul 2023.

9 Colin Groundwater, ‘A brief history of ACAB’ (GQ Magazine, 11 Jun 2020) <https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/politics/article/acab-meaning> accessed 18 Jul 2023.

10 Molcher (n1) Ch. 1.

11 Pete Brook, ‘When cops raided a hip 1970s London café, Britain’s Black Power movement rose up’ (Timeline, 5 Feb 2018) <https://timeline.com/cops-raided-a-1970s-london-cafe-britains-black-power-movement-ff855e7b23f0> accessed 18 Jul 2023.

12 Molcher (n1) 17–18; Jessica White, ‘Police, Press & Race in the Notting Hill Carnival ‘Disturbances’’ (History Workshop, 31 Aug 2020) <https://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/black-history/notting-hill-carnival-disturbances/> accessed 18 Jul 2023.

13 ibid.

14 Molcher (n1) 35; Pat Mills (Ed), 2000 A.D. Programme 2 (IPC Magazines, 1977).

15 Molcher (n1) 45.

16 ibid 46.

17 ibid 52.

18 ibid 29–30.

19 Molcher (n1) 32.

20 On the punitive policies of Thatcher and subsequent governments, see: David Faulkner, ‘The End of the Beginning of an Era’ Politics and Punishment Under Margaret Thatcher’s Government’ in Martin Wasik and Sotirios Santatzoglou (Eds), The Management of Change in Criminal Justice (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015); Stephen Farrall, Naomi Burke, and Colin Hay, ‘Revisiting Margaret Thatcher’s law and order agenda: The slow-burning fuse of punitiveness’ (2016) 11 British Politics 205–31.

21 Molcher (n1) 94.

22 ibid 90.

23 ibid 121.

24 Illan Rua Wall, Law and Disorder: Sovereignty, Protest, Atmosphere (Routledge, 2020) 1; 65.

25 ibid 3.

26 Molcher (n1) 233.

27 Mark Landler, ‘“Get Rid of Them”: A Statue Falls as Britain Confronts Its Racist History’ (New York Times, 8 Jun 2020) <https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/08/world/europe/edward-colston-statue-britain-racism.html> accessed 18 Jul 2023.

28 Peter Walker, ‘Keir Starmer: pulling down Edward Colston statue was wrong’ (The Guardian, 8 Jun 2020) <https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/jun/08/keir-starmer-edward-colston-bristol-statue-wrong> accessed 18 Jul 2023.

29 Attorney General’s Reference on a Point of Law [2022] EWCA Crim 1259.

30 Sky News, ‘Priti Patel: Toppling Edward Colston statue ‘utterly disgraceful’ (7 Jun 2020) <https://news.sky.com/video/priti-patel-toppling-edward-colston-statue-utterly-disgraceful-12002452> accessed 4 Sep 2023.

31 Molcher (n1) Chs. 10–11; John Wagner and Alan Grant, ‘Revolution’ in 2000 A.D. Programmes 531–533 (Fleetway, 1987).

32 Molcher (n1) 215; 232.

33 ibid 234.

34 ibid 248.

35 Public Order Act 2023 s.19–20.

36 Molcher (n1) 208.

37 ibid 202–03.

38 ibid 200–02.

39 Dan Johnson, ‘Orgreave: The battle that’s not over’ (BBC News, 10 Oct 2016) <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37562740> accessed 18 Jul 2023.

40 Adrian Tempany, ‘‘A policeman took a full swipe at my head’: Lesley Boulton at the Battle of Orgreave, 1984’ (The Guardian, 16 Dec 2016) <https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/dec/16/battle-orgreave-lesley-boulton-photograph> accessed 18 Jul 2023.

41 Robert East, Helen Power, and Philip A. Thomas, ‘The Death of Mass Picketing’ (1985) 12(3) Journal of Law and Society 305, 309–10.

42 ibid 309.

43 Orgreave Truth and Justice Campaign, ‘About’ <https://otjc.org.uk/about/> accessed 18 Jul 2023.

44 ibid.

45 Molcher (n1) 114.

46 ibid 111; John Wagner and Alan Grant, ‘Sunday Night Fever’ in 2000 A.D. Programmes 416–418 (Fleetway, 1985).

47 ibid.

48 Molcher (n1) 112.

49 Molcher (n1) 260; Achille Mbembe, On The Postcolony (University of California Press, 2001); Achille Mbembe, Necropolitics (Duke University Press, 2019).

50 Molcher (n1) 267.

51 Rob Williams, ‘Breathing Space’ in 2000 A.D Programmes 1451–1459 (Rebellion, 2005).

52 Matthew Taylor, ‘Elderly couple die after gas cut off’ (The Guardian, 23 Dec 2003) <https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2003/dec/23/weather.socialcare> accessed 20 Jul 2023.

53 End Fuel Poverty Coalition, ‘Excess Winter Deaths and fuel poverty’ <https://www.endfuelpoverty.org.uk/about-fuel-poverty/excess-winter-deaths-and-fuel-poverty/> accessed 20 Jul 2023.

54 Molcher (n1) 301.

55 ibid 302; Adam Elliott-Cooper, Black Resistance to British Policing (Manchester University Press, 2021) Ch.5.

56 Maya Goodfellow, Hostile Environment: How Immigrants Became Scapegoats (Verso, 2020).

57 Molcher (n1) 95–96.

58 Nationality and Borders Act 2022 s.10.

59 John Wagner, ‘Punks Rule!’ in 2000 A.D. Programme 110 (Fleetway, 1979).

60 Molcher (n1) 97.

61 Leah Sinclair, ‘Wayne Couzens nicknamed ‘The Rapist’ three years before he was hired by Met’ (Evening Standard, 10 Jul 2021) <https://www.standard.co.uk/news/crime/wayne-couzens-nickname-met-police-sarah-everard-b945119.html> accessed 4 Sep 2023.

62 HM Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services, the College of Policing, and the Independent Office for Police Conduct, Police perpetrated domestic abuse: Report on the Centre for Women’s Justice super-complaint (30 Jun 2022) <https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/police-super-complaints-force-response-to-police-perpetrated-domestic-abuse> accessed 4 Sep 2023.

63 BBC News, ‘Wayne Couzens: Ex-Met PC in flashing case guilty of gross misconduct’ (23 May 2023) <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-65671361> accessed 4 Sep 2023.

64 Sarah Hague, ‘Police Officers Accused of Abuse Avoid Convictions and Keep Their Jobs’ (Bureau of Investigative Journalism, 17 Mar 2022) <https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2022-03-17/police-officers-accused-of-abuse-avoid-convictions-and-keep-their-jobs> accessed 4 Sep 2023.

65 Metropolitan Police, ‘Police staff accused of sexual assault/harassment’ (Jul 2021) <https://www.met.police.uk/foi-ai/metropolitan-police/disclosure-2021/july-2021/police-staff-accused-of-sexual-assaultharassment/> accessed 4 Sep 2023.

66 Vikram Dodd, ‘Met officers joked about raping women, police watchdog reveals’ (The Guardian, 1 Feb 2022) <https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/feb/01/met-officers-joked-raping-women-police-watchdog-racist> accessed 4 Sep 2023.

67 See Philip Matthew Stinson and John Liederbach, ‘Fox in the Henhouse: A Study of Police Officers Arrested for Crimes Associated With Domestic and/or Family Violence’ (2013) 24(5) Criminal Justice Policy Review 601.

68 John Wagner, ‘Origins’ in 2000 A.D. Programmes 1505–1519, 1529–1535 (Rebellion, 2006-2007).

69 Molcher (n1) 324.

70 Molcher (n1) 339; Wagner (n68).

71 Molcher (n1) 339.

72 Molcher (n1) 343.