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Glossary
dafu 大夫
gong 工
Jiangnan 江南
keju 科举
nong 农
quan xue suo 劝学所
shang 商
shen-shang 绅商
shi 士
simin shehui 四民社会
sishu 私塾
xinjun 新军
xuetang 学堂
Notes
1 North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, 3.
2 Qian Mu, Zhongguo lidai zhengzhi deshi, 56, 179-181.
3 Yu Yingshi, “Shi shuo keju zai Zhongguo,” 18.
4 See Liu Zehua, Wang Maohe, and Wang Lanzhong, Zhuanzhi quanli yu Zhongguo shehui.
5 See Li Kan et al., Zhongguo jindai shi, 304-305; Zheng Shiqu, Zhongguo jindai shi, 243-249; Zhang Haipeng, and Li Xizhu, Zhongguo jindai tong shi, vol.5, 25; Zhang Yufa, Zhongguo jindai shi, vol. 1, 42-43; and Guo Tingyi, Jindai Zhongguo shi gang, vol.1, 370, 401-402.
6 Fairbank, and Reischauer, China, 353-354.
7 Rozman, The Modernization of China, 200-202.
8 Esherick, Reform and Revolution in China, 52-53.
9 Jin Guantao, and Liu Qingfeng, Kaifang zhong de bianqian, 122-129.
10 Liu Haifeng, “Keju ge fei yu Xinhai geming,” 131-136.
11 Guan Xiaohong, Keju ting fei yu jindai Zhongguo shehui, 392-396.
12 Zhang Fuyun, “‘Fei keju’ yu xin minzhu zhuyi,”156-164.
13 Geng Yunzhi, Hu Shi nian pu, 178.
14 Ichisada Miyazaki, Keju, 147-150.
15 Qian Mu, “Zhongguo lishi shang zhi kaoshi zhidu,” 292-294.
16 Rozman, The Modernization of China, 229-232.
17 Ying Xing, “Fei keju, xing xuetang,” 84-85.
18 Luo Zhitian, “Qing ji keju zhi gaige,” 185-196.
19 Luo Zhitian, “Keju zhi de feichu,” 53-71.
20 Elman, A Cultural History of Civil Examinations, 621-622.
21 Shi Jing (Wang Kang), “Shen quan de ji ti,” 167-171.
22 Shi Jing (Wang Kang), “Shen quan de benzhi,” 153-154.
23 Chūzō Ichiko, “The Role of the Gentry,” 301-303.
24 Kuhn, “Local Self-government under the Republic,” 257-298.
25 Fairbank, and Liu, Jianqiao Zhongguo wan Qing shi, 556-557, 579.
26 Duara, Culture, Power and the State, 38-56, 209-211.
27 Shen Songqiao, “Difang jingying yu guojia quanli,” 371-435.
28 Luo Zhitian, “Qing ji keju zhi gaige,” 193-194.
29 Zhang Ming, Xiangcun shehui quanli he wenhua.
30 Wang Xianming, Biandong shidai de xiangshen, 30-70, 21.
31 Guan Xiaohong, Keju ting fei yu jindai Zhongguo shehui, 210-226.
32 Xu Jiagui, “Fei keju, xing xuetang,” 110-125.
33 Zhuang Xiaofang, “Keju ting fei yu Min Tai wenren,” 47-53.
34 Pan Guangdan, and Fei Xiaotong, “Keju yu shehui liudong,” 1–21; and Ping-tin Ho, The Ladder of Success, 27, 121-125, 219-221.
35 Li Fagen, “Keju cun fei yu jindai Jiangnan,” 120-137.
36 Wright, “Introduction,” 24-26.
37 Wu Chunmei, Yi ci shikong de jindai hua gaige, 73-91.
38 See Zhang Yaqun, Keju ge fei yu jindai Zhongguo.
39 Li Kan et al., Zhongguo jindai shi (1840-1919), 304; Zheng Shiqu, Zhongguo jindai shi, 233; and Zhang Haipeng, and Li Xizhu, Zhongguo jindai tong shi, vol. 5, 24-25.
40 Fairbank, and Liu, Jianqiao Zhongguo wan Qing shi, 372-375.
41 Ying Xing, “Fei keju, xing xuetang,” 79-81.
42 Elman, A Cultural History of Civil Examinations, 606.
43 Guan Xiaohong, Keju ting fei yu jindai Zhongguo shehui, 267-336.
44 Sang Bing, Wan Qing xuetang xuesheng, 170-171.
45 He Huaihong, “1905 nian feichu keju,” 51.
46 Li Shiyu, and Hu Ping, Zhongguo keju zhidu tongshi (Qing dai juan), 758.
47 Guan Xiaohong, Keju ting fei yu jindai Zhongguo shehui, 370-378.
48 Shen Jie, “Keju gai zhang, ting fei,” 130-145.
49 Xiao Gongqin, “Cong keju zhidu de feichu,” 15.
50 He Huaihong, “1905 nian feichu keju,” 48.
51 Ying Xing, “Fei keju, xing xuetang yu Zhongguo jindai,” 84.
52 Ge Zhaoguang, Zhongguo sixiang shi, vol. 2, 393-420.
53 Luo Zhitian, “Keju zhi de feichu,” 79-80.
54 Guan Xiaohong, Keju ting fei yu jindai Zhongguo shehui, 398-412.
55 Yang Nianqun, “Feizhi keju houyi zheng,” 362-363.
56 Han Ce, Keju gai zhi yu zuihou, 341-358.
57 Fairbank, and Reischauer, China, 352.
58 Fairbank, and Liu, Jianqiao Zhongguo wan Qing shi, 556-557, 579.
59 Harrison, The Man Awakened from Dreams, 136.
60 Luo Zhitian, “Keju zhi de feichu,” 191-197.
61 Wang Xianming, Biandong shidai de xiangshen, 56-69.
62 Zheng Ruoling, “Fei keju de zhengzhi,” 42.
63 Li Shiyu, “Fei keju dui xiangcun jiaoyu,” 74-79.
64 Zhang Zhongli, The Chinese Gentry, 173.
65 Wright, “Introduction,” 39.
66 Fairbank, and Liu, Jianqiao Zhongguo wan Qing shi, 547.
67 Jin Guantao, and Liu Qingfeng, Kaifang zhong de bianqian, 126.
68 Ma Min, Guan shang zhi jian, 92, 180-197.
69 Yang Qifu, “Keju zhidu de feichu,” 133.
70 Guan Xiaohong, Keju ting fei yu jindai Zhongguo shehui, 358-367.
71 Yang Kaidao, “Wo guo nongcun shenghuo shuailuo,” 6-7.
72 Fei Xiaotong, “Jiceng xingzheng de jianghua,” 41-43; and Fei Xiaotong, “Liming bu ji bu han,” 71-72.
73 Chūzō Ichiko, “The Role of Gentry,” 302-303.
74 Dernberger, “The Role of the Foreigner,” 36-39.
75 Duara, Culture, Power and the State, 208-209.
76 Wang Xianming, Biandong shidai de xiangshen, 68-69.
77 Hou Yanxing, “Keju zhidu de feichu,” 106-107.
78 Ma Junya, “Jindai Huaibei dizhu de shili,” 80-98; and Qin Hui, and Jin Yan, Tianyuan shi yu kuangxiang qu, 58-66.
79 Hu Qingjun, “Lun shenquan,” 128-129.
80 Shen Dengmiao, “Fei keju qian wo guo jiaoyu,” 740-761.
81 Li Fagen, “Keju cun fei yu jindai Jiangnan,” 127-132.
82 Li Fagen, “Xiandai zhuanxiang,” 147-161.
83 Qin Hui, and Jin Yan, Tianyuan shi yu kuangxiang qu, 34, 369.
84 Wang Jiafan, “Shenghuo shi zhi shi zhe,” 204-206.
85 Ge Zhaoguang, “Ming Qing keju de xin wenhua shi yanjiu,” 3–14.
86 Sun Daren, Zhongguo nongmin bianqian lun, 136-178.
87 Zhang Tianhong, “‘Zou chu keju’,” 148.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Fagen LI
LI Fagen is a researcher from School of History and Culture, Shandong University. He specializes in the history of rural China and history of water conservancy. His recent publications include articles published on Modern Chinese History Studies on the topics of hydraulic engineering in the Yellow River and Huai River basins in the 1930s and the connections between the abolition of civil service examinations and social mobility in rural Jiangnan area. This article is part of the project of “Industrial Civilization and Power in Rural Jiangnan Society” (21CZS052) sponsored by the National Social Science Fund of China (NSSFC).