https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7906-3965
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ABSTRACT
Cement production processes contribute to around 5% of carbon emissions globally and increase yearly. To cut 5% of global emissions, alternative materials to substitute cement concentration in building materials must be sourced. This review identified some agricultural waste, such as sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA), palm leaf ash, and rice husk ash, with potential materials for partial substitution or replacement for cement. It also discusses the influence of incorporating agricultural waste on critical properties of building materials such as bricks, interlocks, concrete, and pavements. Adding these agricultural wastes could increase bricks’ strength by 65% and reduce unit weight by 25%. It also improves bio bricks’ compressive strength, water resistance, and bulk density. Optimising agricultural waste-loading-producing building materials is critical to their performance and must be considered for developing brick materials with improved properties. The review established that 50% of cement concentration could be replaced with SCBA, or hybridising rice husk ash, agricultural olive waste (AOW), sugarcane leaf waste ashes (SLWA), and rice husk (RH). This suggested that 100% of cement is achievable by exploring hybridising SCBA, a combination of rice husk, (AOW), (SLWA), and (RH) to develop a sustainable material without compromising the required properties for construction application. Incorporating agricultural waste is a viable way to develop more cost-effective and sustainable building materials with no cement content, resulting in a 5% global emission cut and a low-carbon environment.
Abbreviation
| AOW | = | Agricultural olive waste |
| Al2O3 | = | Aluminium oxide |
| BIS | = | Bureau of Indian Standards |
| CaO | = | Calcium oxide |
| CH4 | = | Methane |
| CSA | = | Corn stalk ash |
| CO | = | Carbon monoxide |
| CO2 | = | Carbon dioxide |
| CSEBs | = | Compressed stabilised earth blocks |
| ESS | = | Egyptian Standard Specification |
| Fe2O3 | = | Iron(III) oxide |
| HSC | = | High-strenght concrete |
| PHA | = | Peanut husk ash |
| K2O | = | Potassium oxide |
| LOI | = | Loss On Ignition |
| MgO | = | Magnesium oxide |
| MnO2 | = | Manganese dioxide |
| NES | = | nano eggshell |
| N2O | = | Nitrous oxide |
| NSSA | = | Nano sesame stalk ash |
| NW | = | Normal weather |
| OPC | = | Ordinary Poland Cement |
| P2O5 | = | Phosphorus pentoxide |
| RH | = | Rice husk |
| RSH | = | Rice straw husk |
| SCB | = | Sugarcane bagasse |
| SCBA | = | Sugarcane bagasse ash |
| SiO2 | = | Silicon dioxide |
| SLWA | = | Sugarcane leaf waste ashes |
| SO3 | = | Sulfur trioxide |
| SUHPC | = | Developing sustainable Ultra High-Performance Concrete |
| TiO2 | = | Titanium dioxide |
| TIS | = | Thailand Industrial Standards |
| VOCs | = | volatile organic compounds |
| UHSC | = | Ultra-high-strength concrete |
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Data availability statement
The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in [repository name] at [URL], as reference in the manuscript.
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