Abstract
A decree passed by the socialist Romanian state at the beginning of the 1970s stipulated the need to defend state secrets as a condition for the country’s economic and social progress in the context of its growing participation in world commerce. While the law operated with a wide notion of state secrecy, referring to any piece of information which, if disclosed, could jeopardize the Romanian state’s interests, it included harsh regulations with regard to personal contacts with foreign citizens and served primarily for establishing a heightened operative control over the local economic life. Following the Romanian State Security Council’s encouragement of campaigns for popular education, which should help prevent any trespassing of this decree, the early 1970s saw the commissioning of several instruction films made by the newly founded Film Service of the Ministry of the Interior as a form of ‘counterintelligence training of the working class’. The present paper contextualizes and closely analyzes some of these films staging fictional cases of industrial espionage and their subsequent investigation by State Security as a form of useful cinema, arguing that, aside from their main educational mission of raising awareness about the legal responsibilities ensuing from the decrees concerning state secrecy, these films also acted as an instrument of national, geopolitical and institutional self-representation.
Disclosure Statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1 As an interesting parallel to these films, one could consider especially the popular Chinese genre of ‘fantepian’ films, which also dealt with issues of counterespionage in the early days of the People’s Republic of China. See for this especially Zhang (Citation2021), Lu (Citation2020, 17–24), Lu (Citation2017) and Du (Citation2017).
2 See for this understanding of useful cinema as ‘films that work’, Hediger and Vonderau (Citation2009, 9–16).
6 See for this also Ilinca and Bejenaru (Citation2006/2007).
12 For some examples, see Paraschiv (Citation1970) or Macri and Olar (Citation1971). According to David Graeber’s famous classification of ‘bullshit jobs’, ‘duct tapers’ are workers hired to simply patch up structurally dysfunctional organizations, see Graeber (Citation2018, chapter 3).
15 *** (1984, 7). For a similar research concerning the cinematographic output of the Hungarian Ministry of the Interior, see Strausz (Citation2020 and Citation2021).
17 See for instance the bibliography included in Securitatea 2/42 (1978), 84.
18 See for what follows Rîpeanu (Citation2013, 208–209 and 240–241).
19 See for the following Verdery (Citation1991, 121f and 167f).
Zhang, Ling. 2021. “From ‘Mystification’ to ‘Massification’: Canton Counterespionage Films and Cold War Geopolitics.” The Journal of Popular Culture 54 (6): 1309–1330. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpcu.13086 Lu, Xiaoning. 2020. Moulding the socialist subject: Cinema and Chinese modernity 1949–1966. Leiden: Brill. Lu, Xiaoning. 2017. “The Might of the People: Counter-Espionage Films and Participatory Surveillance in the Early PRC.” In Surveillance in Asian Cinema, edited by K. Fang, 13–32. London/New York: Routledge. Du, Ying. 2017. “Pursuing the Special Agent—Adaptation of Mao Dun’s ‘Fushi’ and the Politics of Representing Espionage.” Modern Chinese Literature and Culture 29 (2): 159–205. Hediger, Vinzenz and Patrick Vonderau (Eds.). 2009. Films That Work - Industrial Film and the Productivity of Media. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Česalková, Lucie. 2016. “The Five Year Plan on Display: Czechoslovakian Film Advertising.” In Films that Sell. Moving pictures and Advertising, edited by Bo Florin, Nico de Klerk, and Patrick Vonderau, 145–162. London: BFI. Česalková, Lucie. 2022. “Fragments of the Body: Woman in Socialist Screen Advertising.” In Studies in Eastern European Cinema 15 (8): 1–17. Tcherneva, Irina. 2018. “Scientific and Pedagogical Legitimacy of ‘Popular Science’ Cinema in the Soviet Union (1930–1970).” Le Télémaque 53 (1): 47–62. Tcherneva, Irina. 2020. “Film as Inculpatory Evidence: Documentaries on War Crimes in Soviet Latvia, 1961-1971.” Cahiers du monde russe 61 (3–4): 463–498. https://doi.org/10.4000/monderusse.12039 Strausz, Laszlo. 2020. “From affect to instrument: interpellation and governmentality in the BM Filmstúdió collection.” Studies in Eastern European Cinema 11 (2): 157–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/2040350X.2020.1738103 Strausz, Laszlo. 2021. “Instrumentalization of the Border Zone. Environment and Ideology in the Educational Films Made Between 1955 and 1989 by the Hungarian Ministry of Interior’s Film Studio.” Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Film and Media Studies 20 (1): 151–164. https://doi.org/10.2478/ausfm-2021-0019 Wasson, Haidee and Lee Grieveson (Eds.). 2018. Cinema’s Military Industrial Complex. Berkeley: University of California Press. Lovejoy, Alice. 2015. Army Film and the Avant Garde. Cinema and Experiment in the Czechoslovak Military. Indiana: Indiana University Press. Vățulescu, Cristina. 2010. Police Aesthetics: Literature, Film and the Secret Police in Soviet Times. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ***. 1972. Culegere de acte normative privind apărarea secretului de stat în Republica Socialistă România. București: Consiliul Securității Statului, Direcția Personal și Învățământ. Ilinca, Alina, and Liviu Marius Bejenaru. 2006/2007. “Secretomanie si controlul informatiilor în Romania socialista (1965-1989).” Arhivele Totalitarismului 3–4 (2006): 146–157 and 3–4 (2007): 85–98. Verdery, Katherine. 2018. My life as a spy. Investigations in a Secret Police file. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Verdery, Katherine. 2018. My life as a spy. Investigations in a Secret Police file. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Crăciunoiu, Vasile. 1970. “Prevenirea faptelor de natură să afecteze economia națională.” Securitatea 2 (10): 27–30. ***. 1971. Aspecte caracteristice ale acțiunilor ce pot fi întreprinse împotriva economiei naționale. București: Consiliul Securității Statului, Direcția Personal și Învățământ. Crăciunoiu, Vasile. 1970. “Prevenirea faptelor de natură să afecteze economia națională.” Securitatea 2 (10): 27–30. Paraschiv, Nicolae. 1970. “Mai multă preocupare față de obiectivele economice din sectorul agricol”. In.” Securitatea 3 (11): 3–7. Macri, Emil, and Ion Olar. 1971. “Sarcini ale aparatului de securitate în lumina noii organizări a comerțului exterior.” Securitatea 3 (15): 63–67. Graeber, David. 2018. Bullshit Jobs. A Theory. New York/London: Simon & Schuster. ***. 1971. Aspecte caracteristice ale acțiunilor ce pot fi întreprinse împotriva economiei naționale. București: Consiliul Securității Statului, Direcția Personal și Învățământ. ***. 1971. Aspecte caracteristice ale acțiunilor ce pot fi întreprinse împotriva economiei naționale. București: Consiliul Securității Statului, Direcția Personal și Învățământ. Strausz, Laszlo. 2020. “From affect to instrument: interpellation and governmentality in the BM Filmstúdió collection.” Studies in Eastern European Cinema 11 (2): 157–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/2040350X.2020.1738103 Strausz, Laszlo. 2021. “Instrumentalization of the Border Zone. Environment and Ideology in the Educational Films Made Between 1955 and 1989 by the Hungarian Ministry of Interior’s Film Studio.” Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Film and Media Studies 20 (1): 151–164. https://doi.org/10.2478/ausfm-2021-0019 Vlaicu, Ion. 1974a. “Repere ale instruirii profesionale prin film.” Securitatea 1 (25): 22–26. Rîpeanu, Bujor T. 2013. 2345 cineaști, actori, critici și istorici de film și alte persoane și personalități care au avut de-a face cu cinematograful din România sau care sunt originari de pe aceste meleaguri. București: Meronia. Verdery, Katherine. 1991. “National Ideology under Socialism.” Identity and Cultural Politics in Ceaușescu’s Romania. Berkeley/Los Angeles/Oxford: University of California Press. Altăr, Moise. 1985. “Cibernetica în slujba progresului economico-social al țării.” Contemporanul 45: 6–7. Iacob, Bogdan C. 2019. “From Africa to the World: Romaniàs Global Turn in the 1970s.” Studii și materiale de istorie contemporană 18 (1): 149–162. Ilinca, Alina, and Liviu Marius Bejenaru. 2006/2007. “Secretomanie si controlul informatiilor în Romania socialista (1965-1989).” Arhivele Totalitarismului 3–4 (2006): 146–157 and 3–4 (2007): 85–98. Ardeleanu, Filimon. 1968. “Respectarea legalității socialiste și stabilirea adevărului, sarcini de mare răspundere ale ofițerilor de Securitate în efectuarea urmăririi penale”. Securitatea 2: 18–23. Ardeleanu, Filimon. 1968. “Respectarea legalității socialiste și stabilirea adevărului, sarcini de mare răspundere ale ofițerilor de Securitate în efectuarea urmăririi penale”. Securitatea 2: 18–23. Aristotle. 1976. Ethics. English translation by J. A. K. Thomson. London: Penguin. Vlaicu, Ion. 1974b. “Din nou despre filmul didactic de specialitate.” Securitatea 2 (26): 19–23. Sartre, Jean-Paul. 2004. The Imaginary. A Phenomenological Psychology of the Imagination. London/New York: Routledge. Vățulescu, Cristina. 2010. Police Aesthetics: Literature, Film and the Secret Police in Soviet Times. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Additional information
Funding
This work was supported by the Romanian Ministry for Research, CNCS/CCCDI – UEFISCDI, research grant PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2020–0791.
Notes on contributors
Christian Ferencz-Flatz
Christian Ferencz-Flatz is a philosopher and media scholar. He currently works as a senior researcher at the University of Bucharest and as a lecturer at the National University of Theatre and Film. He was the PI of the research projects “Structures of Bodily Interaction. Phenomenological Contributions to Gesture” (PCE 2020), “Continental Philosophy as a Rigorous Science. Elements of Empirical Research in Early Phenomenology and Critical Theory” (TE 2017) and „Habitus, Memory, Sediment: Facets of a Phenomenological Approach to Tradition” (TE 2010), funded by the Romanian Science Foundation, as well as Senior Researcher in other philosophical and film-scholarly projects. He was a Senior Research Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation at the University of Cologne. He published extensively in philosophical and film-scholarly journals. Together with Radu Jude, he co-authored the experimental film Eight Postcards from Utopia (in post-production). His latest monograph: Critical Theory and Phenomenology. Polemics, Appropriations, Perspectives. Dordrecht: Springer, 2023.