Deconstructing complexities in the adoption of new forms in news media: a systematic literature review

Abstract

The diverse forms of journalism adopted in the newsroom have redefined the news media landscape. This systematic review paper reviews fifty journal articles (2000 and 2021), including some of the new forms of journalism: data and network journalism, automated and virtual reality journalism, and augmented reality journalism. This paper fills the research gap by offering insights into these new forms of journalism cumulatively, contrary to the existing literature that discusses single forms. The findings reveal a shift in mainstream news media from traditional reporting methods. The adoption of new forms is part of the survival strategy in this competitive media market.

Keywords:

• Automation
• computational
• data-driven
• journalism
• new forms
• newsroom
• news media

REVIEWING EDITOR:

• Lincoln Geraghty, School of Media and Performing Arts, Eldon Building, University of Portsmouth, Winston Churchill Ave, Portsmouth, PO1 2DJ, UK

SUBJECTS:

• ICT
• Mass Communication
• Arts & Humanities
• Media & Film Studies

Introduction

The emergence of the new forms adopted in the news media has widened the scope to reach wider audiences with interactive, engaging, and personalized content. Digital technologies assist journalists in gathering, creating, editing, increasing productivity, and accessibility to information (Pavlik & Bridges, 2013), thus enhancing journalism’s orientation towards quickness and acceleration, immediacy, and spontaneity (Zelizer, 2019). The combined datasets speed up the work at a lower cost (Wu et al., 2019; Zelizer, 2019), which helps them focus more on in-depth stories (Wu et al., 2019). Beckett & Mansell (2008) describe the new forms as what is coming to be called networked journalism. Networked journalism has the potential to involve and engage the public, and it can 'reinforce watchdog journalism' (Felle, 2015). The widespread use of technology has contributed to the diversity of new forms (Papadopoulou & Maniou, 2021). These forms are data journalism, network journalism, robot journalism, virtual reality journalism, conversational journalism, drone journalism, and selfie journalism. With the development of the various terms, Loosen et al. (2020) observe that all these new terms join the word journalism. The use of these words in journalism points out the specific attributes and niches of that particular form. These myriad terms are solutions journalism, robot journalism, foundation-funded journalism, and cross-border journalism.

The media convergence identifies new forms of quantitatively oriented journalism among several fields and practices. It comprises reporting, statistical analysis, computer science, and visualization and can blend advanced storytelling methods, raw data, interactional interfaces, and visualization (Bradshaw, 2010; Gray et al., 2012). Innovation in the media is the driving force behind churning out this hybridity in journalism in the news media environment (Mast et al., 2016). The factors leading to innovation in the newsroom include the working culture in the newsroom, management’s role, technology adoption, and an individual’s digital skillset (Steensen, 2011). Journalism is constantly evolving and has undergone structural changes that have impacted its practice (Spyridou et al., 2013). Digital technology has created a change in journalistic style, information collection, investigation, sourcing, financial cost, and dissemination that has led to presentational formats like podcasts, listicles, hooks, GIFs, augmented and virtual reality, data visualization, and communicative interfaces. These features have reinforced engrossing experiences and improved storage capability, restoration, and recovery. The added features enhance its immediacy, usability, and interactivity in news (Zelizer, 2019). All the changes made by adopting technology are directed towards new clients and outlets (Ursell, 2001). As this technological change can engage media and the audience, the audience gets disconnected from traditional media and embraces digital media for news (Pavlik & Bridges, 2013).

Currently, the use of automation in the modern news industry has sparked mixed reactions from journalists and editors (Dalen, 2012). They believe that automation will reduce their repetitive work; the output will involve both humans and machines, but they warn that it might replace their job. Journalism combined with computing skills churns out special stories involving extensive research, investigation, visualization, and more engagement (Borges-Rey, 2016). Automation adopted in the newsroom has attempted to legitimize its authority in news production by adding value to stories, checking the machine output and errors (Wu et al., 2019), personalizing news content, and enhancing professional practice (Tejedor & Vila, 2021). News organizations require awareness to explore the scope of technological innovations, including artificial intelligence. Its adoption is witnessed in media houses that can invest in resources, both human and monetary (Tejedor & Vila, 2021).

As the changing practice of journalism evolves, it is a vital area for research, as it is imperative to interpret the current scenario in this field (Tejedor et al., 2022). Most previous studies have invested in single or selected forms in an individual article. In a review paper, an overall perspective on interpreting multiple new forms and their impact on the news industry is still largely absent. As the focus area of the previous studies tends to be on rather specific developments and single types of journalism, an overall understanding of the role of these new forms in the news media field is unclear. The present review paper attempts to fill this gap and perceive these diverse forms of journalism in terms of their emergence, significance, and impact on reporting. Furthermore, this paper adds value to current literature as it aims to explore the transformation in the journalism field due to the adoption of these journalistic forms and derive an understanding of the journalistic role, news production, and distribution processes.

This study analyzes the new technology and innovation that have impacted the journalism profession and the present challenges in the digital era. It sheds light on the changing scenario in the new media landscape, current trends, and implications. This paper contributes to the existing media literature on innovative forms of journalism, expands this study area, and explores technological advancements. The review paper begins with a comprehensive literature review to understand the emerging new forms of journalism. It extracts the themes and sub-themes from the existing literature to analyze the research area and reflect the developments in the newsroom. The paper concludes with the future scope of research in this field that can be useful for academicians, researchers, and practitioners to explore further. It will benefit journalism education to understand these diverse forms adopted in the news industry.

Methodology

Systematic literature review (SLR) framework

This paper employs the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) framework as a methodology to explore the emergence of diverse new forms in the news industry. SLR is vital as a literature review method because it is replicable, objective, and unbiased. It is a protocol that assists in identifying, selecting, and integrating the literature (Boell & Cecez-Kecmanovic, 2015). Systematic reviews furnish proof that the phenomenon is vigorous and transmissible, the process involved is clear and repeatable (Kitchenham, 2004), and they can recognize problems in primary research that must be corrected in forthcoming studies (Page et al., 2021). The preliminary search for papers to be reviewed involves scanning the Scopus database from Elsevier, which covers peer-reviewed literature. Scopus has the maximum number of papers, most cited papers, and relevant papers as a database.

Three-phase systematic review methodology

This paper adopted a three-phase systematic review methodology (Littell et al., 2008). In the first phase, using keywords, data is collected. The keyword combinations used for this review included ((algorithmic OR automated OR journalism) AND (technology OR journalism AND genre OR journalism AND innovation OR new AND forms)). Initially, the relevant articles were retrieved, and the search string returned 1,045 articles from Scopus in the advanced search, occurring in title, abstract, and keywords. Further shortlisting was based on the time frame, subject area, publication stage, source type, and language. This paper reviewed articles published over the last two decades (2000–2021). The papers were further limited to the subject areas - Arts and Humanities and Social Science. The document type involves articles from this period with English as the language. It excluded books, book chapters, reviews, conference papers, and editorials from the document type. It selected the final stage of publication and journals as the source types. This search narrowed it down to 555 articles. Next, it was limited by a preliminary screening of the papers and non-accessible articles. This search returned 260 articles. In the next step, the abstract was studied to understand the relevance of the objectives and research questions of the paper. It employed reviewing the significance of the review topic, bringing the list to 114 research papers. Finally, screening the full text of the papers narrowed it down to 50 journal papers.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

The choice of primary exploration in a systematic review paper involves inclusion and exclusion standards (Kitchenham, 2004). A research paper involves a search strategy, and the preliminary search identifies existing systematic reviews and evaluates the volume of prospective related studies (Kitchenham, 2004; Plessen et al., 2020). Initially, the selection was limited to titles and abstracts. The final choice on inclusion and exclusion was made after the retrieval of the full texts. The papers included in this study were selected based on citation and recency as inclusion criteria. All the papers are peer-reviewed articles. The papers included for review are supported by the research question (Kitchenham, 2004; Plessen et al., 2020), comprise the concept of new forms of journalism, are related to journalism studies, and are scientific papers. On the other hand, this study excludes articles that did not associate with the news industry or journalism; the papers did not discuss the new forms of journalism or meet the subject area criteria. It was narrowed down further by removing irrelevant papers and duplicates, or the concept was not developed considerably and explored throughout the paper.

PRISMA review protocol

This paper uses the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) as a guideline for the selection process of the papers. The systematic literature review’s key features include the quality and scope of the papers included in the study (Moher et al., 2009). The PRISMA 2020 guideline directs clear, thorough, and correct reporting of systematic reviews and therefore assists evidence-based decision-making (Page et al., 2021). A flowchart presents the selection process based on the PRISMA review protocol (Figure 1). In the second phase, all 50 articles selected for review are analyzed. The papers were scrutinized to gain critical insights into the articles and delve into the similarities and differences of new forms over the past 21 years. It provides an overview of these fifty articles based on their methods, theories, focus areas, and findings. In the third phase, an in-depth content analysis of the fifty articles is performed to identify the themes and sub-themes. There can be sub-themes under each theme as a subclass to gather a detailed understanding of the data and divulge the pattern (Vaismoradi et al., 2016). The themes and sub-themes provide better insights and help interpret the current state of this field.

Figure 1. Flowchart of the article selection process using the PRISMA review protocol.

Findings

Fifty articles from the current literature were analyzed (Table 1) to understand the emerging new forms of journalism in the past few years. An overview of the existing literature indicates that the articles explore online technology embraced in news organizations with different nomenclatures, like multi-media and interactive technology, new media technologies, participatory tools, digital technologies, and newsroom innovation. The articles were examined and categorized (Table 2) to provide insights into new forms and research trends. This study further elaborated on the definition and defining features of the new forms of journalism (Table 3).

Table 4. Areas covered in the reviewed papers.

Papers reviewed	Areas	Number of papers
(Bastian et al., 2021; Descampe et al., 2021; Munoriyarwa et al., 2021; Wu 2019; Shin, 2020; Brennen et al., 2020; Jamil, 2020; Diakopoulos, 2020; Lewis et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2019; Stray, 2019; Zheng et al., 2018; Wölker & Powell, 2018; Caswell & Dörr, 2017; Kim & Kim, 2017; Diakopoulos & Koliska, 2016; Thurman et al., 2017; Montal & Reich, 2016; Linden, 2016; Broussard, 2014; Felle, 2015; Anderson 2014; Carlson, 2014; Clerwall, 2014; Coddington, 2014; Gynnild, 2013; Anderson, 2012; Dalen 2012	Automated journalism/data journalism	28
(Loosen et al., 2020; Mast et al., 2016)	Origin of the new forms of journalism	2
(Boczkowski, 2004; Chua, 2018; Metykova, 2008; Pavlik, 2000; Powers, 2012; Ursell, 2001)	Digital technologies in journalism	6
(Ruotsalainen, 2018)	Dialogical journalism	1
(Spyridou 2018)	Participatory journalism	1
(Hermida, 2010; Kleis Nielsen & Ganter, 2017)	Digital intermediaries	2
(McIntyre, 2017)	Solution journalism	1
(Theodora & Andreas, 2016)	Selfie journalism	1
(Le Masurier, 2014)	Alternative journalism	1
(Marchionni, 2014)	Conversational journalism	1
(Beckett & Mansell, 2008; Spyridou et al., 2013)	Networked journalism	2
(Browne, 2010)	Foundation journalism	1
(Baía Reis & Coelho, 2018; Pavlik, 2020; Pavlik & Bridges, 2013)	Augmented reality/drone journalism/virtual reality	3

Table 2. The main themes and sub-themes extracted after the analysis of 50 articles.

Sr no	Themes	Sub-themes
1.	Emergence & significance of new forms in journalism	Defines journalism and news types Presents specific attributes and niche areas Highlight innovation in the media Signify the emerging relationship between readers and journalism It helps to understand the transformation in the news industry Due to widespread technology Due to convergence among several fields and practices
2.	Transition in the journalistic practice	Empower journalists Greater reach and speed Engage the audience and increase interactivity Create an immersive experience and real-time occurrences Explore the newsgathering process and news content Understand market forecasting, track new clients, & new channels Assists investigative stories and can hold authorities accountable Socio-economic, political, and cultural impact Incorporating new forms as part of a business strategy
3.	Challenges and concerns	Fear of missing out leads to the adoption of technology Fear of job loss due to AI Technology companies influencing the media environment Questions about trustworthiness, transparency Questions about professional values, credibility and expertise Unavailability of resources, access to data, and lack of training Widens the digital divide Ethical concerns
4.	Prospects in the news industry	More collaboration, new opportunities, and scope User-generated content and more specialized Blur in the job role Promote public debate and increase dialogue  Lead to diversification The rise of independent journalism Further acceptance of technology in the newsroom

Table 3. Some of the keywords related to new forms of journalism.

	Terms	Sources	Definition/Characteristics
1	Augmented reality journalism	(Pavlik & Bridges, 2013)	Augmented reality is a component of computational journalism that intensifies a customer’s communication with the real world using a computer-generated setting.
2	Automated Journalism	(Wu et al., 2019; Dörr, 2015; Clerwall, 2014)	Automated journalism incorporates all automated processes that do not involve any human interference to conduct any work, like generating alerts, writing news, aggregating content, and data visualization.
3	Computational Journalism	(Anderson, 2012; Gynnild, 2013; Hamilton & Turner, 2009)	Computational journalism is a blend of data, algorithms, and insights from the social sciences.
4	Conversational journalism	(Marchionni, 2014; Papadopoulou & Maniou, 2021)	The engagement from both the audience and journalists has given rise to conversational journalism. The newsroom has the feature of an online comments section that boosts page views and advertisements.
5	Data Journalism	(Coddington, 2014; Fink & Anderson, 2014; Gynnild, 2013)	Data journalism incorporates storytelling with numbers to convey the message to the public, with one of the critical components being transparency.
6	Drone journalism	(Papadopoulou & Maniou, 2021; Pavlik, 2000)	Drone news content uses augmented reality, mixed reality, and virtual reality journalism. It has several applications and generates unique and immersive news content using sensors, audio, video geo-tagged content, 360-degree video, and 3D audio files.
7	Network journalism	(Heinrich, 2010; (Papadopoulou & Maniou, 2021)	Network journalism involves online journalism that creates relationships between the public and news organizations.
8	Robot journalism	(Clerwall, 2014; (Kim & Kim, 2017)	Robots are adopted to write news stories in robot journalism. The robots can analyze data and generate reports based on an algorithm that requires programming from humans.
9	Selfie journalism	(Dagan, 2014; McIntyre, 2017; Papadopoulou & Maniou, 2021; Theodora & Andreas, 2016)	Selfies integrated into journalistic practice is a new trend that requires short content. Journalists are using this approach of self-representation in news searches.
10	Slow journalism	(Le Masurier, 2014; McIntyre, 2017; Papadopoulou & Maniou, 2021; Dagan,2014)	Slow journalism is used in independent journalism and found on websites, blogs, and other public groups. It cannot compete with the present media culture but has its way of telling stories, with importance given to its trait, long-form narrative, thorough research, context, and elaboration.
11	Virtual reality journalism	(Baía Reis & Coelho, 2018; Papadopoulou & Maniou, 2021)	Virtual reality journalism comprises computing to present realistic features and involves configurations to react to users’ feedback, like audio commands or actions. This visual media integrated into journalism using 3-D devices creates a compelling relationship with the audience, creating an immersive experience.
12	Foundation-funded journalism	(Browne, 2010)	The mainstream media, funded by charity, removes the commercial pressures, and journalists can work freely on any topic without any pressure from the advertiser or the owner. The source of money granted should be transparent, autonomous, and receptive to the public.
13	Solution journalism	(McIntyre, 2017)	Solution journalism provides solutions to social issues through news articles. Also termed problem-solving journalism, news stories are in-depth and divulge details on the cause and solution.
14	Constructive journalism	(Dagan, 2014; McIntyre, 2017)	Some media scholars believe that solution journalism falls under the umbrella term of constructive journalism. Constructive or solution journalism involves positive components, more interactivity, and effectiveness in news stories.
15	Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled technology	(Jamil, 2020)	AI-enabled technology includes social bots, language generation software, and virtual agents, among others. News organizations use AI technologies to generate automated news.

Most of the previous papers focused on the adoption of technology in the newsroom in the changing media landscape. The papers suggest that most new forms are experimented with and the possibilities explored in a news organization. On the contrary, this present review paper attempts to understand and analyze all these forms collectively and interpret their impacts and changes in the newsroom. The progressive shift towards adopting new forms and innovations in journalism is observed in the existing literature. An in-depth content analysis of the fifty articles identified the themes and sub-themes (Table 2). The organization of the paper is based on four themes that emerge from the existing literature:

1. The emergence and significance of enhanced forms of journalism

2. Transitions in journalistic practice

3. Challenges and concerns in the adoption of new forms

4. Prospects in the field of journalism

The themes led to sub-themes and related concepts of the new forms of journalism identified based on the prevalence of keywords and recurring ideas used in the existing literature. This analysis of themes points to their extensive use in this field, similarities and differences, and the focal point of research in the papers reviewed. Further, the crucial areas of research in proliferating forms of journalism that can be explored further, the theoretical and methodological approaches, and some critical findings from the existing literature are presented as a research framework in Figure 2. Areas covered in the reviewed papers are presented in Table 4.

Figure 2. Thematic classification of new forms.

Table 1. The 50 articles reviewed in this research paper.

References	Journal	Methods/Theory	Research focus	Findings
(Bastian et al., 2021)	Digital Journalism	Interviews, case studies	To examine the influence of algorithmic news recommenders on journalistic practice.	Some of the values recognized towards algorithmic news recommender design and its execution are transparency, multiplicity, editorial independence, broad information supply, personal significance, and user-friendliness.
(Descampe et al., 2021)	AI & Society	Prototype news recommendation system	Automated news content raises the issue of accountability.	News recommenders are concerned about the democratic role of AI and machine learning.
(Munoriyarwa et al., 2021)	Journalism Practice	In-depth interviews	To examine the adoption of AI in the South African newsroom.	It argues that AI adoption in the South African newsroom is slow and restricted due to a lack of training, fear of job loss, cost, and ethical issues.
(Pavlik, 2020)	Media and Communication	Existing literature	Role of drones used in news production.	Drone technology provides ample scope to explore both the newsgathering process and news content in the media industry.
(Shin, 2020)	Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media	Online survey /heuristic-systematic process	Explore the scope of trust associated with automated news stories.	Automation helps personalize news, raising ethical and legal issues - fairness, accountability, transparency, and explainability.
(Brennen et al., 2020)	Journalism	Critical discourse analysis	Examine the views of media in terms of how they form, negotiate, and heighten hopes for AI.	Pseudo-AGI identifies that AI is reasonable and can be incorporated into the present system and expanded to other new areas.
(Loosen et al., 2020)	Journalism	Test case	Examining ‘X’ journalism, used as a concept to explore the complexity and diversity in this field.	The new terms related to journalism have evolved in the past few years, and it is crucial to understand their usage strategies, analyze the terms, distinguish them, and identify the patterns.
(Jamil, 2020)	Journalism Practice	In-depth interviews, thematic analysis/ human-machine communication framework	Uses the human-machine communication framework to explore the role of AI.	Unavailability of resources, access to data, the digital divide, and a lack of training are hurdles to adopting AI in the newsroom.
(Diakopoulos, 2020)	Digital Journalism	Interview/qualitative study	To investigate how Computational News Discovery (CND) is integrated into journalistic practices.	It recommends that gatekeeping models have to be revised to add the use of algorithms to draw readers’ attention and divulge details to human gatekeepers before publication, as in the case of CND.
(Lewis et al., 2019)	Digital Journalism	Human-machine communication (HMC)	Understanding human-machine communication as a research area to study automated journalism.	The HMC approach provides insights into how technology acts as a communicator and not a sole mediator, which gives rise to questions about the machine’s takeover of the human role.
(Wu et al., 2019)	Journalism Practice	Experimental survey/ cognitive authority theory	To examine human-written and auto-written news stories about objectivity and credibility.	Automated news content is more objective, less biased, and more credible within the cognitive authority theory framework.
(Wu et al., 2019)	Journalism Practice	In-depth interviews/ field theory	The technologist’s perspective on digital innovations.	The visual media integrated into journalism using 3-D devices creates a compelling relationship with the audience in creating an immersive experience.
(Stray, 2019)	Digital Journalism	Review existing literature and survey stories that adopted AI methods	Explores investigative news stories that use AI techniques and interpret their challenges.	Challenges for a journalist to use AI techniques in investigative stories include the unavailability of training data, high cost, data that is not easily accessible, and ethical issues.
(Chua, 2018)	Ethnography	Ethnography	Explore the increase in ‘reader-less’ adaptation in journalism.	The new technologies have led the news media to track business strategies that assure readership but overlook the informational requirements of the readers.
(Ruotsalainen, 2018)	Futures	Data Analysis/analytical framework	Investigates the current and future of journalism.	Suggest the rise in dialogical journalism, diversification, more collaborations, and acceptance of technology.
(Zheng et al., 2018)	Computers in Human Behavior	A comparative study, experimental design	To understand the cultural difference between US and Chinese audiences and apprehend automated news stories.	Despite the societal and cultural differences between China and the United States, readers appear to place equal trust in content created by robots and human journalists.
(Wölker & Powell, 2018)	Journalism	Experimental design, online survey, empirical exploration	Investigate the reader’s insight in terms of automated news stories and human - written reports.	Journalism done jointly is coequally credible to combine creative aspects and opinions in writing and algorithmic scope in journalistic work.
(Spyridou, 2018)	Journalism	Web-based survey, uses and gratification (U&G)	An analysis of participation in news websites.	It is crucial to understand the impact of the content on journalism and society, which is actively created and produced by the user.
(Baía Reis & Coelho, 2018)	Digital Journalism	Theoretical-conceptual construct	Relationship between journalism and virtual reality.	The visual media integrated into journalism using 3-D devices creates a compelling relationship with the audience, creating an immersive experience.
(Caswell & Dörr, 2017)	Journalism Practice	Exploratory computational approach study/ prototype database	Explore incident-based reports in automated journalism.	The restrictions identified include the lack of data models to code for event - driven stories automatically.
(Kim & Kim, 2017)	Technological Forecasting and Social Change	Analytic hierarchy process (AHP)	To understand the reasons and attitudes of journalists and readers related to introducing robot journalism in newsrooms.	Market forecasting, consumers’ reactions, and investment are the basis for the consideration of news media in the introduction of robot journalism.
(Kleis Nielsen & Ganter, 2017)	New Media and Society	Case study	Examine the relationship between publishers and news platforms.	Digitally vital news media, drawn by the fear of missing out, aggressively engage with technology companies that they offer.
(McIntyre, 2017)	Journalism Practice	Factorial experiment	Solution-based news and its impact on the readers.	Solution-based stories have a positive element in reporting; the news stories cover in-depth reports, divulge details on the cause, and provide solutions.
(Thurman et al., 2017)	Digital Journalism	Workshop, observation, and interviews	To understand how journalists perceive automated news content.	Automated news content will be more widespread, but it has its limitations too.
(Diakopoulos & Koliska, 2016)	Digital Journalism	An exploratory study, focus group to study a case study	Explore the challenges related to algorithmic transparency in a news organization.	The challenges of algorithmic transparency include the viability of revelations regarding technical and general aspects, cost or labor required, management, and production tools.
(Montal & Reich, 2016)	Digital Journalism	Fieldwork (quantitative content analysis) and interviews	Explore the algorithmic authorship of automated news content.	The paper suggests a policy that focuses on algorithmic authority to determine the author and credit the entire algorithmic content.
(Theodora & Andreas, 2016)	Studies in Media and Communication	Use digital gadgets	The role of selfies in the journalism field.	Selfie journalism raises concerns about copyright, privacy issues, changes in news content, and trustworthiness.
(Linden, 2016)	Digital Journalism	Case study, interviews, and social constructionist perspective	Explores the job situation after automation was introduced in the newsroom.	Automation will not replace jobs as journalists adopt advanced technology and highlight the strength of creativity.
(Mast et al., 2016)	Journalism	Conceptualizations and empirical analysis	Targets the notion of hybridity in journalism.	Hybridity is more complex in news and journalism and can be studied from an interdisciplinary perspective.
(Anderson, 2014)	Digital Journalism	Genealogy of quantitative journalism and assemblage theory	Identify the evolution and use of data in quantitative journalism.	Data will be extensively used in several areas in the future.
(Felle, 2015)	Journalism	Qualitative interviews	Examine the impact of data reporting in the newsroom for surveillance.	Data journalism assists journalists in working on investigative stories that can serve the public interest and hold authorities accountable.
(Carlson, 2014)	Digital Journalism	Case study / textual analysis of text	Analyze automated text to examine its impact on journalism.	The concerns relate to the jobs, news content, and journalistic dominance.
(Broussard, 2014)	Digital Journalism	Prototype model, interviews, and paradigms of Remler, Waisanen, and Gabor	Examine the use of AI software in investigative stories.	The developed model can assist and enhance the usefulness of investigative reports.
(Clerwall, 2014)	Journalism Practice	Experiment	To explore the reaction of readers related to software-generated content in comparison with content written by a journalist.	Readers could not distinguish automated content from content written by a human journalist.
(Coddington, 2014)	Digital Journalism	Four-part typology	The study examines three quantitative forms: CAR, data journalism, and computational journalism.	The journalism domain adds new forms and describes CAR, data journalism, and computational journalism.
(Gynnild, 2013)	Journalism	Empirical data	Journalism innovation in online news media.	Journalists require an innovation-oriented mindset to deal with the latest innovation and constantly face several challenges.
(Le Masurier, 2014)	Journalism Practice	Existing literature	Explore some of the features of slow journalism.	The narrative way of storytelling, used in independent journalism has its characteristics with long-form, elaboration, in-depth stories.
(Marchionni, 2014)	Journalism Practice	Experiment	Experiment on web story comments.	The comments section online does not contribute to the professional values of credibility and expertise in journalism.
(Pavlik & Bridges, 2013)	Journalism & Communication Monographs	Monograph	Development and use of augmented reality (AR) in journalism.	Augmented reality is a new form of storytelling, and it is in the experimental stage for news media.
(Spyridou et al., 2013)	International Communication Gazette	Questionnaire/actor-network theory	Explore how journalists use and understand technology tools.	The technology tools empower journalists and help them reach out to the masses.
(Anderson, 2012)	New Medi and Society	Sociological approach: Schudson’s classic typology of the sociology of news, Bordieuean field approaches	The present industry focuses on industry concerns and outlines six lenses.	The six lenses provide insights into a new research area: computational journalism.
(Powers, 2012)	Journal of Communication Inquiry	Archival research (articles) based on industry publications	Role of journalism and integration of technology in the newsroom.	The impact of technology is witnessed in the news content and influences the work of a journalist.
(Dalen, 2012)	Journalism Practice	68 blog posts and newspaper articles	Journalists’ reaction to sports websites using machine-written news stories.	Journalists possess skills like creativity, flexibility, and analytical skills over robot journalists but have higher marginal costs.
(Browne, 2010)	Journalism Studies	Examines three news organizations (funded by charity foundations)	Examines foundation-funded journalism, its sociological and journalistic impact.	News organizations funded by charities enjoy freedom from commercial pressure, but transparency can be a concern.
(Hermida, 2010)	Journalism Practice	Literature from the human-computer interaction field	Explores the new form of microblogging.	Micro-blogging has several features for communication.
(Metykova, 2008)	Communication and Culture	Research project in 11 European countries	Study to understand the relationship between European journalists and their audiences in terms of technological change.	The change in the relationship between journalist and audience was evident due to technology and competition in the media market.
(Beckett & Mansell, 2008)	Communication, Culture and Critique	Ethically grounded approach	Seeks to address the new forms, journalistic ethics, new business model, media literacies, and research agenda.	Networked journalism creates new opportunities and scope for journalists and promotes public debate.
(Boczkowski, 2004)	Journal of Communication	Ethnographic case studies: three online news organization	Study the main factors contributing to the adoption of technologies in online print media.	The production process involved makes the adoption of technology possible in the newsroom.
(Ursell, 2001)	Journalism	Three news organizations were investigated	Examines the news values and agenda in news media.	All three media organizations have found ways to transform the newsroom and have adopted new technology to create stories and track new clients and channels.
Pavlik (2000)	Journalism Studies	Survey	Examine the technological change in journalism.	Highlights the significant role of journalism in the changing and evolving media landscape.

Table 5. Future themes and questions.

Automated Content	How will the gradual transition of the machine’s takeover of the human journalistic role shape journalism? How do readers perceive automated news stories in different societal and cultural environments? Credibility in news content between automated and human-generated content?
Ethical issues	What are the ethical and legal issues associated with automated news stories and how can they be addressed? Will readers and audiences gain trust in terms of automated news stories in the future?
Digital transition	What core principles of journalism serve the digital age? Will the gap between big and small newsrooms in the adoption of AI widen?

Emergence and significance of the new forms in journalism

The current literature emphasizes researchers’ interest in technology adoption in media research in the past few years. Thus, understanding these forms’ emergence and significance (Ahva & Hautakangas, 2018) is essential. The terminological distinction between these new forms was coined during the pre-digital era to signify the difference in journalistic practice in the three media outlets: print, television, and radio. The new names in this field and the transformation witnessed in the media landscape have led to different concepts and approaches emerging from these outlets to define journalism (Loosen et al., 2020). Findings indicate that media forms have emerged due to the convergence of mobile journalism, the growth of the internet, and technology. The new forms have led to novel ways of storytelling, changes in content, and a widened scope of journalism (Pavlik & Bridges, 2013). Likewise, Loosen et al. (2020) elaborate that an approach or practice gets accepted in journalism with increased awareness and debates about inclusion in the media curriculum. It can be categorized as emerging from relationships between the public and journalism, technological growth, news type, or geographical background that help understand the changes in this field.

In most of these studies, researchers have discussed that developments in contemporary journalism come in many forms with several purposes at contrasting levels and require an interdisciplinary perspective (Mast et al., 2016). As social media news plays an important role, hybridity in news and journalism has sought a multidisciplinary perspective that combines concepts, theories, and methodologies from various fields like sociology, linguistics, political and communication sciences, and history. These emerging forms are characterized by their immediacy, involvement, and appeal (Mast et al., 2016).

Transitions in journalistic practise: content of news stories

The previous discussions have found that new forms of journalism embraced in a newsroom can deliver stories that provide an engaging and immersive experience. The stories in augmented reality combine text, photographs, infographics, audio, and video. The information is created into a narrative and delivered in a 3-D format that is more interactive and participatory for the users in augmented reality (Pavlik & Bridges, 2013). Recent technologies have speeded up news delivery and shaped news content. Automation ensures personalized content, analyzes trending social media topics, and screens audience engagement. Newsroom uses natural language generation (NLG), a software program to create news and reports, provide insights and patterns from large datasets, and use analytics to alert on trending stories (Wu et al., 2019).

Various studies have highlighted the importance of digital tools. Felle (2015) and Fink & Anderson (2014) describe that digital data journalism is a vital reporting tool to assist journalists in investigating stories, acts as a watchdog for the government and other institutions, and can work on large and complex datasets to develop compelling stories. For example, Broussard’s (2014) study states that the Story Discovery Engine, a model developed, acts as a tool for reporting and enhancing news ideas by aptly identifying the sources and strengthening the investigation process, which has substantial importance in the news media. Similarly, Diakopoulos (2014) observes the importance of computational journalism in storytelling. Analyzing the technological changes, Powers (2012) elaborates that the integration of technology in news media impacts news production and has led journalists to be updated on digital skills.

Several media researchers have discussed new media (Romero-Rodríguez et al., 2022) and new technology embraced by the news industry. Technology has led to the precedence of high-speed news flow, increased efficiency, factual reports, and distribution overpowering (Pavlik, 2000), indicates the quest for new business models (Spyridou et al., 2013), empowers journalists to do their jobs better (Metykova, 2008; Spyridou et al., 2013), the editorial side favors a try - and - see approach (Kleis Nielsen & Ganter, 2017), enhances the use of data in its creation, publishing, and visualization in the news media (Wu et al., 2019). Moreover, visualization software heightens the interactivity and engagement among the audience (Felle, 2015), covers news beats cost-effectively, and generates news in text and video format using automation (Thurman et al., 2017). Similarly, Diakopoulos (2020) highlighted that Computational News Discovery (CND) systems could save time by processing the correct information for journalists through alert leads and providing newsworthy story ideas.

On the contrary, some researchers argue that this transformation of technology adoption is related to commercial pressures in the competitive environment of the media. The news media pursues viewership rates and advertisers, intending to reduce production costs (Boczkowski, 2004). The journalists use search engines and online news sites to speed up the generation of the latest news and stories. Thus, new media tools could exploit and achieve consumer interests and work well for commercial strategies (Chua, 2018). Commercial pressures drive journalists to personalise the news content according to the interests of the audience or readers, increase accessibility, and pitch stories to reach out to social groups that attract advertisers (Metykova, 2008). Likewise, Kleis Nielsen & Ganter (2017) agree that digital intermediaries’ rise is reorienting the media industry by facilitating news content to attract advertisers. Further, Wölker & Powell (2018) mention that automation cannot take over the fourth estate’s role. Journalists are responsible for informing society and holding the authorities or politicians accountable for any exploitation. In previous papers, several media scholars have described how the rise of digital tools and technologies has affected the orientation and concerns of newsmakers. Boczkowski’s ethnographic study on digital newsmaking highlights that news organizations can push their commercial strategies into news items using digital tools. Digital technologies may lead journalists to deliver on consumers’ infotainment desires, leading to a reader-less orientation practice. Thus, journalists oriented towards this profession are no longer committed to meeting the community’s informational requirements but instead promote corporate and government agendas (Chua, 2018).

Automation versus human-written stories

Current literature has explored the difference between automated news reports compared to human-written stories and users’ reactions. For example, Zheng et al. (2018) state that there was little difference between news users in China and the United States related to trustworthiness in terms of automated news stories from human - written reports, despite cultural and social differences among the users from these two countries. Wu et al. (2019) describes that automated news content is more objective than reports written by human journalists, as algorithms are innately objective compared to humans, who are subjective in terms of the selection of news and its newsworthiness. Automated stories are more credible than news reports written by humans, as they can exclude bias or human mistakes.

Besides, the readers’ reaction to automated news content was mixed in previous papers. Some think that it will benefit from its instantaneous expanse, availability, and intensity, and others feel that it will heighten the problem due to the existing overflow of information (Thurman et al., 2017). Wölker & Powell (2018) describe that automation will further enhance the need for human expertise that journalism personifies—opinionated news, inquisitiveness, and apparitions, which help inform society. Trust and credibility are the essential values of journalism. It was observed that readers cannot distinguish the work of automated content in journalism (Wölker & Powell, 2018).

Transitions in journalistic practise: relationship between the news organisation and the audience

The current literature indicates that automated journalism can have an impact on society. For example, Anderson (2012) considers that computational journalism’s sociology influences citizen and government decision-making processes. The institutional resources decide on automation adoption, newsroom routine work, journalistic culture, and technology. Metykova (2008) agrees that this transformation is due to technology and competition, which have changed the relationship between journalists and readers. Journalists are under constant pressure to attract larger audiences and meet commercial pressures. Technology has enabled a more engaging and direct relationship with the audience and empowered journalists in their efficiency on the work front.

Media researchers in previous papers have further raised the question of authentication and credibility in journalism, as Pavlik & Bridges (2013) agree on the importance of authentication in journalism for delivering news in this digital age. As the media is dependent on independent and freelance journalists, credibility plays a significant role and acts as an asset for journalists and new media. Trust is an essential factor that sets them apart in this crowded digital space from citizen journalists and freelancers. Similarly, Metykova (2008) discusses that communication between media producers and consumers is due to the adoption of new technologies that enable editors to understand the audience’s interests and expectations, resulting in a better understanding of commercial success and fulfilling the obligation of public service broadcasters. So, technology adoption has led to reaching out to the target audience, changing the market strategy, multi-tasking among journalists, growing new media types, and heightened competition in the media market.

Moreover, Pavlik & Bridges (2013) state that technology has brought about changes in the news media, business models, and relationships between the media and the audience. This transformation was witnessed in the reorientation of the delivery of news at a reduced cost. The audience actively produces stories and shares them through social media. This increased interaction between the public and journalists can improve the relationship between citizens, journalists, and the news media. Similarly, Kleis Nielsen & Ganter (2017) sum up that as new media identifies the various aspects of technological developments that can contribute to change, media professionals and the news industry are shaping up the technologies they are adopting.

Automation versus human journalists

The existing literature has discussed the issue of computer-assisted reporting replacing traditional reporting. For example, Carlson (2014) states that journalists fear job loss from introducing artificial intelligence into the newsroom. The news created by Narrative Science (technology company) raises the question of whether artificial intelligence would aid journalists or replace them, and whether it would empower journalists or change their professional roles. Similarly, Wölker & Powell (2018) opine that joint journalism has a greater scope as human reporters can work on the automated text with original ideas that a machine cannot generate and has a positive side to news media as human and machine work is incorporated, in contrast to data that a machine cannot generate. Journalists will not lose jobs due to automation, but it will integrate with human reporters, assist in journalistic work, and analyze giant data sets.

Likewise, Linden (2016) mentions that automation will not replace journalists’ jobs unless they adopt advanced technology. Although automation has been introduced in the newsroom for decades, several jobs are still left in journalism. One of the reasons cited could be that journalism is creative; reporters add essence to news reports. Reporters have set a motivational example of working in this crisis, highlighting the strength of creativity and traditional work. Moreover, Coddington (2014) states that computer-assisted reporting is a new tool and does not replace traditional journalism. Similarly, Meyer (1973) opines that computer-assisted reporting is a better tool and can be used for investigative reporting, interviewing, and examining documents. Numbers should be used carefully and only when needed, and they should be transparent during the collection process. On the contrary, Wu et al. (2019) argue that there is a need to understand the technologists’ perspective in offering automation solutions to the news media. The technologists are aware of the current media market, enabling them to provide automation with a critical component and solution. It is possible to add this digital skill among journalists to enhance their knowledge in this field. Automation will generate more stories quickly and with fewer journalists, and the process will attract advertisers, increase audiences and readers, reduce labor costs, and encourage investment.

Challenges and concerns

The previous research agrees that journalists are conscious of this transformation witnessed in the media profession, engaging with the audience but disconnecting and creating mistrust among the readers and audience. Metykova (2008) perceives it as the loss of trust or disconnection from the audience and readers’ failure to serve public opinion, while Loosen et al. (2020) opine that technological change influences the journalistic workforce, ethics, productivity, and authority. Likewise, Dörr and Hollnbuchner (2016) have raised issues with algorithms used in news production, data transparency, and journalism ethics. As Pavlik (2000) sums up, technology adoption has impacted journalism and is positively associated with companies and the public. Still, there are specific concerns in this digital era. Media organizations have the ‘fear of missing out’ because they are small in size and have limited resources if they cannot adapt to the latest trend or initiative taken up by the other digital intermediaries (Kleis Nielsen & Ganter, 2017).

Moreover, Felle (2015) states that data journalism is accessed by the audience already engaged in this digital space rather than reaching out to the larger population, which points out the digital data divide. Thus, media scholars have indicated concerns about how technology will impact journalistic practice and the audience. It is echoed by scholars like Boyer (2013), who terms the contemporary newsmaker like a professional ‘screen worker’ as news journalists in this digital model deliver news that appeals to the public and are less able to keep the public adequately and accurately informed in this process. As Clerwall (2014) points out, journalists work on stories based on automated content like engine optimization logic and click-stream logic, letting them know what the public seems to ‘want.’ So, the public acts more as consumers than as citizens. This automated news is least bothered by the public’s need for informed decisions. Scholars warn that online news media content that is personalized and more individualized is fragmenting the news audience as it deprives society of a more significant section (Metykova, 2008).

Regarding ethical concerns, current literature focuses on who or what will be held accountable or credited using automated content as an output (Thurman et al., 2017). Similarly, algorithmic bias in tools like computational news discovery (CND) systems used for source finding in social media is a concern. It is recommended that gatekeeping models be revised to include the use of algorithms in drawing the attention of readers as well as divulging details to human gatekeepers before publication (Diakopoulos, 2020). Likewise, Lewis et al. (2019) emphasize that human-machine communication (HMC) as a conceptual framework has developed with the rise of technologies empowered by artificial intelligence (AI) that are designed to operate as communicators (message sources) and not solely as mediators (message channels). Thus, the challenge is when the machine takes over the human task.

Several scholars have raised the issue of transparency in automated news reports. Diakopoulos & Koliska (2016) argue that readers might find the news report untrustworthy if the information revealed is doubtful. As Caswell & Dörr (2017) highlight, the other challenge in automation is that the accessibility of data structures is not enough and requires continuous structured data for automated news stories. Thus, the percentage of automated news content is entirely restricted to news reports that can be apprehended as data or those news stories that demonstrate a formulaic framework that can be used by the NLG method. Similarly, Descampe et al. (2021) raise concern about algorithmic accountability with the rise of news media using machine learning in news production. A data - poisoning attack would include producing automated content on a subject of preference. So, the challenge lies in the automated creation of fake news and the bots generating it. Further, Thurman et al. (2017) have identified six limitations of algorithmic news content: dependence on single and isolated data streams; one-dimensional nature of the quantitative data feeds; problems in investigating data; absence of a human angle; the need to template news reports that forecast 'top lines' beforehand; and issues with creativity while working on data during the templating phase. Moreover, many researchers believe that AI-based technology has biases and errors because of concerns about how one trains and designs the algorithm (Brennen et al., 2020).

New and old professional values

The previous discussions highlighted that technology’s complexity in the media landscape is evident in news content, creation, production, or distribution. It enhances professional expertise but is criticized for replacing or threatening traditional reporting (Tejedor et al., 2021). Journalists work under pressure to attract an audience, and their profit-oriented work threatens their professional values (Metykova, 2008). Moreover, several papers suggest that journalists observe that there have been changes in their relationship with the public, which can be connected with new technology, competition, and socio-political context. The journalists might have the ideal of delivering news to serve the public, but the print media that has appointed them would want them to attract more advertisements that benefit the media organization rather than serve the readers’ interests (Chua, 2018). This complexity is leading to a clash of new and old journalistic values. Some journalists have easily blended into the new digital role, but others feel that journalism is rooted in its values and principles and has a responsibility towards the public. The competition in the market has put pressure on media producers to restrict these values of journalism and follow another path, although it might not serve the public’s interest (Chua, 2018).

Most researchers have noted this clash between old and new professional values. Spyridou et al. (2013) suggest that media professionals who sustain themselves should decide to reach out to the public, engage in dialogue, and increase their credibility. The journalists and legacy media need to re-evaluate what they offer to the public. Chua (2018) indicated that the new media tools could exploit consumer interests and work well for commercial strategies. Furthermore, Hermida (2010) agrees that there is a need to develop approaches and tools that help the public regulate the flow of information and consider the circulation of news. Journalists should take responsibility for society rather than just delivering the news.

Future scope

The current literature has elaborated on the present scenario in the media industry and raised specific issues about the involvement of technology companies. As journalism faces a challenge with a decline in revenue and competition, technology companies see the potential of automation in the news media (Wu et al., 2019). Technology companies believe that the news media will have to introduce the automation required to stay relevant in this field. Automation can assist the news media in delivering the audience’s requirements: help journalists with insightful stories spend more time working on in-depth reports and provide content to the entire community with a broader reach (Wu et al., 2019). Likewise, Stray (2019) describes how automation will give the media industry a much-needed boost and generate content at a lower price. To embed automation into journalism and transform the ‘current cultural capital’, journalists acquire this digital skillset as a value addition. Journalists can further use AI for investigative stories, reducing human effort by finding patterns in large data sets.

Several media scholars have highlighted several considerations for print media regarding the introduction of robot journalism. The various factors are market forecasting, acceptance by the audience of receiving news stories written by a machine, and payback on the investment (Kim & Kim, 2017). It is also essential to understand the attitude of journalists regarding the business model and changes in the media market. Jamil (2020) suggests that journalists should accept the positive role of digital forms, understand their changing role, and possess skills. Journalists should equip themselves and undergo training rather than get intimidated by introducing artificial intelligence (AI) in the newsroom. Automation could replace journalists in the future, but it also creates jobs related to news-generating algorithms. News can be automated, but journalists possess skills that define journalism, like creativity, analysis, and working on complex sentences (Dalen, 2012).

Moreover, academicians and media experts foresee that journalism will be more diversified in the future. It will be more specialized as the job role of journalists gets blurred with other professions. Dialogical journalism has the potential to be the future of journalism because it will involve more dialogue; thus, the relationship between the audience and journalists will create proximity (Ruotsalainen, 2018). Moreover, Pavlik & Bridges (2013) state that news organizations are experimenting with new technologies like augmented reality, virtual reality, and AI-driven tools to heighten interactivity and engagement. It is expected that AR storytelling possibilities will be further explored and accepted. AI-enabled technology like social bots, language-generation software, and virtual agents is being adopted in journalism and has transformed how news is created and delivered to the public (Jamil, 2020). Media scholars have discussed in previous papers that youth dependent on social media and the latest gadgets are disengaged from traditional media. They would like to engage with digital journalism and news content created using augmented reality (AR) that is more interactive, uses digital aids, and provides an immersive experience (Pavlik & Bridges, 2013). The news media can use mobile phones and augmented reality to create democratic communication and public opinion. As public trust plays a significant role in society, journalism has to gain this trust. It can hold the government accountable for its agendas and plans and thus aid citizens in making informed decisions in a democracy.

On the contrary, Munoriyarwa et al. (2021) argue that news stories can hold authorities accountable through opinionated reports like editorials, opinion pieces, and news commentaries. It is about a critical perspective on particular societal issues, which is not possible with artificial intelligence. So, it fails to serve the role of news in democracies. Likewise, Wölker & Powell (2018) describe that automation cannot take on the fourth estate’s role. Journalists are responsible for informing society and holding the authorities or politicians accountable for any exploitation. Journalism done jointly with machines is recognized as equally credible because it combines creative aspects and opinions in writing with algorithmic scope in journalistic work. In the future of data usage, Anderson (2014) sums up that it is most likely that the world will be crammed with data of different kinds with several requirements in the future. The demand will be more centered on customized news, measurement, and performance appraisal. Ten years from now, it will not be about using data but about other forms that are not quantitative, as they may no longer exist.

Conclusion and prospects for future research

This study gives an overview of current thinking on the new forms in this digital landscape and critically evaluates the innovation in existing studies. The news industry is experimenting with diverse new forms that provide a broader insight into the news media’s journalistic role and the perspectives of audiences and readers consuming news content in this digital era. The findings point out that emerging technologies are being identified in this competitive market, and opportunities for innovation are being explored in achieving their business goals and sustaining themselves in this competitive market. It is assumed that the media transformation witnessed will revolutionize journalism. Beckett and Mansell (2008) state that networked journalism might establish scope for journalists to promote public debate. But he cautioned that this would lead to monetary funds being shifted from traditional journalism to advancing new forms of journalism and supporting new media literacy.

This paper contributes to the media literature by analyzing the current scenario overview in digital media research. It further highlights that the acceptance of journalists of the integration of automation into journalism can aid their journalistic work and, done jointly with machines, can incorporate both creative and analytical blends with algorithms, which can go a long way in responding to the concerns of professional journalists. As Túñez-López et al. (2021) emphasize, artificial intelligence is the most promising innovation framework with the possibility to alter the relationship with technology. The analysis framework of new forms of journalism divulged in this study aims at researchers, practitioners, and educators. This study provides key approaches for future research in this field through its avenues and research questions that can be further explored. Table 5 provides a summary of the themes and questions for future research.

There are certain limitations to this systematic review. The paper is not fully comprehensive as the database was restricted to Scopus and the papers analyzed were limited to the time period of published papers between 2000 and 2021. It can be projected that this systematic review will serve as a reference for future researchers who are keen to undertake research in this field.

As new technology grows and evolves every day, there is considerable scope for further research. The analysis of these forms and their innovation is unique and has a broader area to explore in this field. Here, the question arises whether the core principles of journalism - delivering factual information and creating well-informed citizens - are served in the digital age. Thus, researchers and academicians can explore this area identified as a potential research subject and find answers to these research questions, such as: (1) How will the gradual transition of the machine’s takeover of the human journalistic role shape journalism? (2) How do readers perceive automated news stories in different societal and cultural environments? (3) Credibility in news content between automated and human-generated content?

Previous research on ethical issues points to the potential for work that can be undertaken in this area. Algorithmic Journalism will overpower the ethical concerns of the present media organisation (Dörr & Hollnbuchner, 2016). Therefore, it is pertinent to analyze the ethical and legal issues associated with automated news stories, how they can be addressed, and whether readers or audiences can gain trust in terms of automated news stories in the future.

The understanding of this field can be further improved by exploring the following areas: (1) the democratic role of algorithmic news recommenders; (2) pseudo-artificial general intelligence (AGI); (3) the human-machine communication framework; and (4) computational news discovery (CND). Moreover, in terms of the digital transition, two crucial questions that have scope for investigation are: (1) How have the core principles of journalism served in the digital age? (2) Will the gap between big and small newsrooms in the adoption of AI widen? Therefore, there is a vast scope for study in this domain, and researchers can delve into these aspects and contribute to this field. As Pavlik (2000) states, journalism has a significant role in this digital space, but its role is still undefined.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Dipannita Das

Dipannita Das is currently enrolled in the Ph.D. program at Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune. Before pursuing a Ph.D., she had worked for more than eight years as a reporter and senior correspondent with organizations like The New Indian Express and The Times of India. She has also been engaged in academics in various capacities for six years, notably as visiting lecturer and full-time head of academics at multiple academic institutions. She has a keen interest in technology-enabled new forms of journalism, and qualitative research.

Ashwani Kumar Upadhyay

Ashwani Kumar Upadhyay is professor and the author of the book "AI Revolution in HRM: The New Scorecard." He has more than 22 years of experience both teaching and conducting research. He earned first position in the AIMS-GHSIMR Doctoral Student Paper Competition at IIM, Ahmedabad. His research interests span artificial intelligence, virtual reality, augmented reality, technology adoption, branding, structural equation modeling, and mediation analysis.