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Notes
1 Carnes Lord, The Presidency and The Management of National Security (New York, 1988), pp. 1–6; I.M. (Mac) Destler, Presidents, Bureaucrats and Foreign Policy: The Politics of Organizational Reform (Princeton, 2016), pp. 165–66; Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston, 1972), pp. 41, 44.
2 Chuck Freilich, “Israel’s National Security Staff Comes of Age,” Securing the State and Its Citizens: National Security Councils From Around the World, Paul O’Neill (ed.) (New York, 2002), pp. 4, 6.
3 Celia Parker, “The UK National Security Council and misuse of intelligence by policy makers: reducing the risk?” Intelligence and National Security, XXXV:7 (June 2020), 990–1006.
4 R. R. Bowie and R.H. Immerman, Waging Peace: How Eisenhower Shaped an Enduring Cold War Strategy, (Oxford, 1998).
5 Freilich, op. cit., pp. 3, 194.
6 Destler, op. cit., p. 119.
7 I.M. (Mac) Destler, Leslie Gelb, and Anthony Lake, Our Own Worst Enemy: The Unmaking of American Foreign Policy (New York, 1985), pp. 171–72.
8 Earl H. Fry, Stan A. Taylor, and Robert S. Wood, America the Vincible: U.S. Foreign Policy for the Twenty-First Century (Englewood Cliffs, 1994).
9 Kissinger, op. cit., p. 43.
10 I. M. (Mac) Destler, “National Security Management: What Presidents have Wrought,” Political Science Quarterly, XCV:4 (Winter, 1980–81), 575; Zbigniew Brzezinski, “The NSC's Midlife Crisis,” Foreign Policy, 69 (Winter, 1987–88), 17.
11 Christopher C. Shoemaker, “The National Security Council Staff: Structure and Functions,” The Land Warfare Papers, 3 (December 1989), p. 31.
12 Ivo Daalder and I. M. (Mac) Destler, “How National Security Advisers See Their Role,” The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy: Insights and Evidence, Eugene Wittkopf and James McCormick (eds.) (Lanham, 2007).
13 Shoemaker, op. cit., p. 24.
14 Ibid., p. 21.
15 Freilich, op. cit., p. 201.
16 In parliamentary systems, the NSC may also report to the entire cabinet or a subcabinet committee.
17 The application of this model to the Israeli case is based on the author's personal familiarity with the subject, academic works as cited, and a number of interviews conducted with officials well acquainted with the work of the NSS who were assured of confidentiality in order to enable them to speak freely.
18 Directors general are the senior bureaucrats in each ministry and agency, directly subordinate to the minister, akin to the British permanent secretary.
19 Chuck Freilich, “National Security Decision-Making,” Routledge Handbook on Israeli Security, Stuart Cohen and Aharon Klieman (eds.) (New York, 2019), p. 156.
20 A “net” assessment takes both sides’ interests, intentions, and capabilities into account, as opposed to one-sided intelligence assessments.
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Chuck Freilich
Chuck Freilich is the senior editor of The Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs. A former deputy national security adviser in Israel and longtime senior fellow at Harvard’s Belfer Center, he has taught political science at Harvard, Columbia, NYU, and Tel Aviv University. Prof. Freilich is the author of Zion’s Dilemmas: How Israel Makes National Security Policy (2012); Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change (2018); and Israel and the Cyber Threat: How the Startup Nation Became a Global Cyber Power (2023).