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Thematic Dossiers / Dossiers thématiques

Fractured Legacy: Historicizing the Biographies of Frantz Fanon

 

ABSTRACT

In universities on both sides of the Atlantic, students learn of many Frantz Fanons. In history courses on decolonization or the Cold War, one learns of Fanon the “apostle of violence” and author of The Wretched of the Earth whose fiery words resonated loudly in liberation and protest movements across the globe in the 1960s. In courses on post-colonial studies, one encounters another Fanon, author of Black Skin, White Masks and co-founder of an anti-imperial philosophy that promotes critical engagement with non-Eurocentric identities, value systems, and modes of representation. In psychology and psychiatric medicine, advanced students might be introduced to Fanon the clinician, advocate of Tosquelle’s socio-therapy, ardent opponent of the “Algiers School,” and innovator of colonial medicine. While often productive in the narrow contours of their academic specialties, these snapshots of Fanon’s life and work do little to illuminate the intertwined biographical and intellectual developments of the man himself or the historical milieu within which he lived and thought. Moreover, next to nothing has been written in English or in French on Fanon’s significance for or place within 20th century French history—a history still confronting an omnipresent but silenced colonial past. To understand how these fractured Fanons came to roam the halls of academia, this essay charts the multiple lives of Frantz Fanon within Anglo-American discourse and argues that though much has been written on Fanon, relatively little has been done to set the evolution of his life and thought within sufficient historical and intellectual contexts.

RÉSUMÉ

Dans les universités des deux côtés de l'Atlantique, les étudiants apprennent des leçons de plusieurs Frantz Fanon. Dans les cours d’histoire sur la décolonisation ou la Guerre froide, on apprend le Fanon «apôtre de la violence» et auteur des Damnés de la terre dont les mots passionnés résonnaient fort dans les mouvements de libération et de protestation à travers le monde dans les années 1960. Dans les cours sur les études post-coloniales, on rencontre un autre Fanon, auteur de Peau noire, masques blancs et cofondateur d'une philosophie anti-impériale qui préconise un engagement critique avec les identités, les systèmes de valeurs et les modes de représentation non-eurocentriques. Pour les étudiants avancés en psychologie et en médecine psychiatrique, on présente un Fanon, clinicien, défenseur de la sociothérapie de Tosquelle, adversaire ardent de “ l'école d'Alger” et innovateur dans le domaine de la médecine coloniale. Bien que souvent fructueux dans les contours étroits de leurs spécialités académiques, ces aperçus de la vie et du travail de Fanon nous aide peu à élucider les développements biographiques et intellectuels entrecroisés de l'homme lui-même ou le milieu historique dans lequel il a vécu et pensé. En outre, on n’a presque rien écrit ni en anglais ni en français sur la signification de Fanon pour l'histoire du français du 20ème siècle ni sur la place qu’il y occupait - une histoire qui fait toujours face à un passé colonial omniprésent mais passé sous silence. Pour comprendre comment il se trouve que ces Fanon fracturés sont venus errer dans le milieu universitaire, cet essai tracera les multiples vies de Frantz Fanon dans le discours anglo-américain et soutiendra que bien qu’on ait beaucoup écrit sur Fanon, on a relativement peu fait pour définir l'évolution de sa vie et de sa pensée dans des contextes historiques et intellectuels suffisants.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

1. Until the last decade, Frantz Fanon was a marginal figure in the French academic discourse. Outside surface-level biographical treatments in Pierre Bouvier’s Fanon (1971) and Renate Siebert and Renate Zahar's L’Oeuvre de Frantz Fanon: colonialisme et aliénation dans l'oeuvre de Frantz Fanon (1971), few works on Fanon's life and thought appeared in France until the publication of Alice Cherki's Frantz Fanon: Portrait in 2000. This silence in France is likely associated with what Todd Shepard termed the French ‘invention of decolonization’ and corresponding national amnesia concerning the Algerian War for Independence. In the past few years, Francophone scholars including Benjamin Stora, Sonia Dayan-Hezbrun, Achille Mbembe, Pierre Bouvier, and Matthieu Renault have begun to address this silence and focus more attention on Fanon and his significance for the history (and lasting presence) of the French empire. In early 2008, French sociologist Sonia Dayan-Hezbrun in association with UNESCO organized the ‘Penser aujourd'hui à partir de Frantz Fanon, Actes du colloque Fanon’ at the Centre de Sociologie des Pratiques et des Représentations Politiques at Université Paris 7, bringing scholars from multiple disciplinary and national backgrounds together to discuss the enduring significance of Fanon's life and thought. Participants spoke about Fanon's continued relevance for contemporary psychiatry, politics, literary criticism, and philosophy in France and across the world. But, as in the USA, these studies often denied Fanon a presence in the French history. As Matthieu Renault recently argued, ‘Fanon n’a littéralement plus de present’ in discussions of France's colonial past and post-colonial present. Taking on the ‘pari de non-biographie’ – that is, the challenge to not reduce Fanon to a singular biography cut-off from his experiences as a black man in the French imperial nation-state – Renault re-historicizes Fanon's intellectual development and ties it firmly to his ‘expérience vécue du noir’ in Martinique, France, and North Africa. See Renault (Citation2011). For more on France's struggle with its imperial past, see Stora (Citation1998), Bancel (Citation2003), Wilder (Citation2005), and Shepard (Citation2006).

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