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Articles

Particulate Matters: Air Pollution and the Political Ecology of a Boundary Object

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Pages 826-843 | Received 14 Oct 2020, Accepted 07 Nov 2023, Published online: 14 Mar 2024
 

Abstract

Air pollution now affects 92 percent of the global population and is responsible for one out of nine deaths, nearly two thirds of which occur in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. Emerging work on the political ecology of air pollution examines how its noxious effects are unevenly distributed across social categories such as race and class. Geographers know much less about the social mechanisms through which air pollution and its risks and mitigation efforts are calculated, however. Situated within northern Thailand’s haze crisis and its broader agrarian transitions, we employ ethnographic and geospatial methods to theorize air pollution as a boundary object. Throughout the region, uncertainty over the causes and constitution of air pollution and its flexible interpretation have driven the development of civil society sensor networks and the adoption of portable Air Quality Index monitors and hot spot locating apps. These increasingly widespread technologies not only democratize data but also play a growing role in shifting environmental narratives of seasonal air pollution. By homing in on the boundary work of air pollution, however, we argue that although new, more widely accessible modes of knowledge production can seemingly reduce uncertainty and shift environmental policy, they can also obscure the long-standing political-economic inequalities on which environmental problems are based. This article advances current debates at the nexus of political ecology and science and technology studies by demonstrating how particulate matter matters differently within and between social groups and the role of sociality in environmental change and the production of political space.

目前, 空气污染影响了全球92%的人口, 全球九分之一的死亡原因是空气污染, 其中近三分之二发生在东南亚和西太平洋。空气污染政治生态学的最新研究, 探讨了空气污染的有害影响如何在种族和阶级等社会类型中呈现不均衡分布。然而, 针对用于计算空气污染、风险和缓解措施的社会机制, 地理学家还缺乏了解。针对泰国北部雾霾危机及其更广泛的农业转型, 我们采用民族志和地理空间方法, 将空气污染理论化为边界物体。在该地区, 空气污染成因、构成及其解释的不确定性, 推动了民间社会传感器网络的发展、便携式空气质量指数监测仪和热点定位程序的应用。这些愈发普及的技术不仅实现了数据的民主化, 而且对季节性空气污染的环境叙事发挥着越来越大的改变作用。然而, 根据我们对空气污染的边界研究, 尽管新的、更普及的知识生产模式似乎可以减少不确定性并改变环境政策, 它们也可以掩盖环境问题的长期政治经济不平等。本文展示了颗粒物在社会群体内部和之间的不同影响、社会性在环境变化和政治空间建设中的作用, 推动了政治生态学与科学技术关系的讨论。

La polución aérea afecta ahora al 92 por ciento de la población del mundo y es la responsable por una de cada nueve muertes, casi dos tercios de las cuales se presentan en el Sudeste Asiático y en el Pacífico Occidental. Los trabajos actuales sobre la ecología política de la polución aérea examinan el modo como sus efectos nocivos están desigualmente distribuidos en categorías, como las de raza y clase. Sin embargo, los geógrafos saben mucho menos de los mecanismos sociales a través de los cuales se calculan la polución aérea y sus riesgos, y de los esfuerzos para su mitigación. Situados adentro de la crisis brumosa del norte de Tailandia y sus transiciones agrarias de mayor amplitud, usamos métodos etnográficos y geoespaciales para teorizar la polución aérea como un objeto fronterizo. En la región como un todo, la incertidumbre sobre las causas y constitución de la polución aérea y su interpretación flexible han orientado el desarrollo de las redes de sensores de la sociedad civil, y la adopción de monitores portables del Índice de Calidad del Aire y las aplicaciones para ubicación de los puntos calientes. Estas tecnologías de uso cada vez más extendido no solo democratizan los datos, sino que además juegan un papel cada vez más notorio en el cambio de las narrativas ambientales de la contaminación estacional del aire. No obstante, al ubicarnos en el trabajo fronterizo de la polución aérea, sostenemos que, aunque los nuevos modos de producción del conocimiento, de mayor accesibilidad, pueden aparentemente reducir la incertidumbre y cambiar la política ambiental, también pueden ocultar las desigualdades político-económicas de vieja data en las que se originan los problemas ambientales. Este artículo impulsa los debates actuales que se libran en el nexo entre la ecología política y la ciencia y la tecnología, al demostrar cómo importa de modo diferente la materia particulada dentro y entre los grupos sociales, y la función de la socialidad en el cambio ambiental y en la producción del espacio político.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Correction Statement

This article has been corrected with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.

Additional information

Funding

We would like to acknowledge institutional and research support from the Regional Center for Social Science and Sustainable Development at Chiang Mai University. Additionally, we acknowledge financial support from the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1829160, and the National Research Council of Thailand under Grant No. NRCT 173/2564.

Notes on contributors

Mary Mostafanezhad

MARY MOSTAFANEZHAD is a Professor in the Department of Geography and Environment at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests include the political ecology of development and socioenvironmental change in the Asia-Pacific region.

Olivier Evrard

OLIVIER EVRARD is a Senior Researcher at the French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development, Paris, France. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests focus mainly on interethnic relationships in Southeast Asia and their contemporary transformations through political and ecological crises.

Chaya Vaddhanaphuti

CHAYA VADDHANAPHUTI is a Lecturer in the Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences at Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include the human dimensions of climate change, more-than-human geographies, and the Anthropocene in the context of Southeast Asia.

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