Disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis: an update on recent and ongoing trials and future strategies

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the prototype inflammatory autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system and the most common cause of neurological disability in young adults exhibiting considerable clinical, radiological and pathological heterogeneity. Novel insights in the immunopathological processes, advances in biotechnology, development of powerful magnetic resonance imaging technologies together with improvements in clinical trial design led to a variety of evaluable therapeutic approaches. Therapy has changed dramatically over the past decade, yielding significant progress for the treatment of relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive MS. A substantial number of pivotal and preliminary reports continue to demonstrate encouraging new evidence that advances are being made in the care of MS patients. This review summarises recent progress with currently available disease-modifying therapies and – on the basis of present immunopathogenetic concepts – outlines ongoing studies as well as future treatment strategies.

• alemtuzumab
• α4 integrin
• altered peptide ligands
• anti-IL-2R
• autologous stem cells
• azathioprine
• brain-derived neurotrophic factor
• campath-1H
• CCR1 antagonist
• ciliary neurotrophic factor
• CTLA4-Ig
• daclizumab
• glatiramer acetate
• immunotherapy
• insulin-like growth factor-1
• interferon-β
• intravenous immunoglobulins
• laquinimod
• leukaemia inhibitory factor
• Mesopram
• minocycline
• mitoxantrone
• MS trials
• multiple sclerosis
• mycophenolate mofetil
• natalizumab
• oestriol
• phosphodiesterase inhibitors
• pixantrone
• rituximab
• rolipram
• Schwann cells
• statins
• T-cell receptor peptide vaccination
• T-cell receptor therapy
• T-cell vaccination
• VLA-4