Effect of Pulse Widths and Cycles on Invasive, Bipolar, and Gated Radiofrequency-Induced Thermal Reactions in ex vivo Bovine Liver Tissue

Abstract

Background

Radiofrequency (RF) oscillations generate thermal tissue reactions, the patterns of which vary depending on the mode and efficiency of energy delivery. The aim of our study was to analyze patterns of RF-induced thermal tissue reactions according to the modes of RF delivery, including continuous and gated modes, using an alternating current, invasive bipolar RF device.

Methods

RF energies at frequencies of 1 and 2 MHz were delivered at respective experimental settings into ex vivo bovine liver tissue at a 0.5-mm microneedle penetration depth. The tissue samples were then evaluated thermometrically. A histologic study was performed to evaluate RF-induced thermal tissue reactions at a 3.0-mm microneedle penetration depth.

Results

Thermal imaging study revealed homogenous, well-demarcated, square-shaped zones of RF-induced thermal reactivity on the treated area. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that higher temperature elevations immediately after RF treatment (∆T₁) were positively associated with RF frequency, power, conduction time/pulse pack, and off-time between pulse packs and negatively associated with total off time. In the 1-MHz experimental setting, higher ∆T₁ showed a positive association with power, conduction time/pulse pack, and off-time between pulse packs and a negative association with the number of pulse packs. In the 2-MHz setting, however, higher ∆T₁ was positively associated with only total treatment time.

Conclusion

Thermometric effects during bipolar and gated RF treatments are significantly associated with the frequency, power, and pulse widths and cycles of pulse packs.

Keywords:

• radiofrequency
• bipolar
• alternating current
• gated pulse
• tissue reaction
• bovine liver

Statement of Ethics

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Acknowledgments

We thank Anthony Thomas Milliken, ELS at Editing Synthase (https://editingsynthase.com) for his assistance with the editing of this manuscript.

Author Contributions

All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising, or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.